{"id":115395,"date":"2013-04-24T16:55:37","date_gmt":"2013-04-24T19:55:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=115395"},"modified":"2016-02-11T18:21:05","modified_gmt":"2016-02-11T20:21:05","slug":"more-sophisticated-ceramic-tiles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/more-sophisticated-ceramic-tiles\/","title":{"rendered":"More sophisticated ceramic tiles"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"L\u00e9o Ramos<\/span><\/a>In the past 15 years, Brazil has quadrupled its output of ceramic coverings, a category of material that includes flooring and other types of ceramic tiles. Today, it is the world\u2019s second largest producer of these products. With 866 million m2 produced in 2012, Brazil ranks behind China only and has now passed traditional competitors such as Spain and Italy, who dominated the sector until several years ago. According to the Brazilian Association of Manufacturers of Ceramic Tiles, Sanitary Ware and Related Products (Anfacer), which represents 93 companies from 18 states, Brazil\u2019s manufacturers are in step with the best technology available in the world. The Brazilian ceramics industry\u2019s growth accelerated during the past decade after it received support from a project that was submitted to FAPESP\u2019s Sectoral Consortia for Research and Innovation (ConSITec) program. The project brought together researchers from the Ceramic Center of Brazil (CCB) and a conglomerate of companies from the ceramics industrial complex in Santa Gertrudes, located in the Rio Claro region of the S\u00e3o Paulo state, as well as researchers from universities and research institutes. By focusing on developing local industry, the project introduced innovation and skilled worker training to the factories in order to improve the quality and competitiveness of ceramics made in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo.<\/p>\n

When the ConSITec project began in 2001, Brazil ranked fourth among the world\u2019s producers of ceramic tiles, with production of 473 million m2. S\u00e3o Paulo represented 40% of the total production. Today, that state\u2019s companies account for approximately 70% of the nation\u2019s output of 866 million m2, and Brazil ranks second in the world. \u201cWhen the companies began to coordinate in forming the consortium, the image of Santa Gertrudes products was quite negative. Items were seen as being of poor technical and esthetic quality,\u201d recalls materials engineer Jos\u00e9 Octavio Armani Paschoal, president of the CCB and coordinator of the ConSITec project. \u201cNow that\u2019s changed. S\u00e3o Paulo has attained a position of distinction in terms of the manufacture of ceramic plates used for coverings. While once we trailed behind, now we\u2019re on the front line,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Sales by S\u00e3o Paulo companies totaled R$3.78 billion in 2011. Anfacer has not released the figures on nationwide sales by the industry, which employs 25,000 workers directly and indirectly generates approximately 200,000 more jobs. The ConSITec project was carried out through coordination among 20 S\u00e3o Paulo factories and involved seven lines of research, from innovations in product evaluation testing to studies of the technology for laying ceramic tiles. Three lines focused on porcelain, a type of sophisticated ceramic tile that has high value-added and differentiated technical requirements, such as a lower water absorption rate, greater mechanical strength, and more elaborate designs. Research was conducted into developing industrial processing technology and raw materials for making those pieces, as well as formulating special enamels.<\/p>\n

\"068-073_Ceramica_205-1\"<\/a>One of the principal benefits of the ConSITec project, which involved the investment of R$586,000 by FAPESP and an equal amount from the companies over a seven-year period, was a significant improvement in the quality of S\u00e3o Paulo ceramics. \u201cThe percentage of tiles rated Class A and free of defects such as cracks, scratches, stains, and variations in enamel hue, rose from 50% to 98% by the end of the program. Fewer than 2% of the ceramic tiles produced in this state today exhibit any imperfections,\u201d says Paschoal. According to him, the first obstacle to overcome was to modify the production process employed at the factories in order to introduce a quality control system. \u201cWe realized that companies did not have control over the process as a whole. As soon as the CCB began quality certification of the finished products, the index of non-conformity with domestic and international standards fell drastically. The ceramic coverings industry became one of the leaders in the construction industry in terms of conformity with technical standards,\u201d Paschoal reports. The number of companies in the ceramics industrial complex in Santa Gertrudes that turned out quality-certified products reached 20 in 2008, double the figure for the seven previous years. During the same period, the number of factories that had adopted the ISO 9001 quality certification system rose from 4 to 13.<\/p>\n

In addition to achieving an increase in quality and number of certified products, S\u00e3o Paulo factories also began to make a higher volume of porcelain pieces. \u201cPorcelain is a more expensive product and competes with natural stone, such as marble and granite,\u201d says materials engineer Ana Paula Menegazzo, superintendent of the CCB. \u201cWhen Brazilian companies began to make that type of product, customers with higher purchasing power bought the \u2018brand\u2019 and even paid more for it.\u201d According to CCB figures, Brazilian production of porcelain tiles increased 18-fold during the past decade, soaring from four million cubic meters in 2001 to 72 million in 2011. During the same period, the number of S\u00e3o Paulo manufacturers of these goods rose from three, which had been producing only the small-size (mosaic) tiles, to 15 that now had sufficient know-how to make tiles larger than one square meter. Despite the increase in S\u00e3o Paulo, the biggest porcelain production center is still Santa Catarina\u2014a state that also boasts a concentration of factories in an important ceramics industrial complex.<\/p>\n

\"068-073_Ceramica_205-2\"<\/a>In inland S\u00e3o Paulo, Villagres, which is based in Santa Gertrudes, is one of the leading manufacturers of porcelain wall and floor tiles. With a tradition in ceramics production that goes back almost 90 years, it offers 108 different items in its portfolio and has been investing in new technologies. Villagres was one of the first in the state to use digital printing technology, an ink-jet process that makes it possible to use serigraphy on any ceramic surface. \u201cIt\u2019s a sophisticated method, but, at the same time, easy to work on. You can, for example, scan a stone in its natural environment and reproduce its traits on porcelain. The machine functions as if it were a paper printer, the only difference being that it applies enamel to a ceramic tile,\u201d explains Vanderli Vit\u00f3rio Della Coletta, owner of Villagres. The company produced 6 million m2 of ceramic coverings in 2012 and experienced a 6% growth in sales over 2011. \u201cWe had a very good year, and we are still expanding. We are improving our portfolio and migrating our production toward porcelain tiles,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

To Marcos Serafim, Manager of Innovation at CCB, digital printing introduces a new way of thinking about product design and the industrial methods employed in the sector. It also poses some challenges. \u201cDespite all the technological changes, the most comprehensive transformation has to occur in design. The question now is how to capture, work up, and digitally manipulate those designs without bringing about graphic pasteurization,\u201d he says. On that point, according to Serafim, Brazilian factories are still using as reference countries such as Spain and Italy, which market their digital designs either directly to Brazilian companies or through raw materials suppliers or design studios. \u201cBrazil needs to innovate by creating its own identity in terms of product design,\u201d he notes.<\/p>\n

\"Clay

L\u00e9o Ramos<\/span>Clay in raw form before factory processingL\u00e9o Ramos<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

One determining factor in the growth of the ceramics industry in S\u00e3o Paulo is the quality of the raw materials used in manufacturing its products. \u201cSanta Gertrudes has one of the best clay deposits in the world,\u201d says Elson Longo, professor at the Chemistry Institute of the Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) in Araraquara and Coordinator of the Multidisciplinary Center for the Development of Ceramic Materials (CMDMC), one of the 11 FAPESP Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers (RIDC). \u201cFurthermore, the red clay that is found close to the surface in that region is of excellent quality. This means that manufacturers need to use almost no additives to make their products. It\u2019s an important competitive advantage,\u201d Longo says. He coordinated the research under the ConSITec project on the academic side with researchers from the Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar) and the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (Ipen) of S\u00e3o Paulo. \u201cThe technology and know-how generated during the ConSITec project were possible only because of financing from FAPESP,\u201d Longo says.<\/p>\n

Because of the raw material\u2019s properties, ceramic coverings made in inland S\u00e3o Paulo use dry milling, a simpler process than wet milling and one that reduces costs by as much as 50%. Preparation of a batch for wet milling, as performed in Santa Catarina and other places in Brazil, involves several steps. However, in the dry process, the clay passes through only one mill before it is ready for pressing. \u201cThe clay found in the Corumbata\u00ed formation in the Santa Gertrudes region has unusually good plasticity, which permits a shorter firing time, thus boosting productivity,\u201d says Menegazzo.<\/p>\n

The doctoral studies being pursued by materials engineer Rogers Rocha, owner of the Rochaforte factory in Cordeir\u00f3polis, focus on the properties of the clay found in the inland areas of S\u00e3o Paulo. \u201cThere is a huge difference between the clay found in one mine and that of another. I am researching the mineralogical, chemical and ceramic characteristics of the rocks in the Corumbata\u00ed formation from which the local factories get their clay,\u201d states the researcher\/businessman. \u201cBetter understanding the characteristics of the raw material will help us improve the quality of the items we produce.\u201d Rochaforte was founded 60 years ago by Rocha\u2019s grandfather. Like so many other companies in the industry in that region, it began by making roof tiles and bricks and progressed to offering flagstones, a type of rudimentary flooring. It now makes two million m2 a month of ceramic wall and floor tiles, using dry milling. \u201cNothing compares to that process in terms of cost,\u201d states Rocha.<\/p>\n

\"068-073_Ceramica_205-2\"<\/a>According to Rocha, the technological development and refinement of manufacturing processes were vital to the boom in S\u00e3o Paulo ceramics. \u201cAs our industry entered into closer contact with academia, the products and processes improved greatly. I\u2019ve seen practical results from the research at my company. Some of our products are attaining the same level of quality as those made in Spain and Italy,\u201d he says. In addition to selling to the domestic market, Rochaforte exports to customers in the U.S., Chile, Argentina, and some Central American countries.<\/p>\n

Established 20 years ago, the CCB has played a key role in the evolution of Brazil\u2019s ceramics industry. The center has conducted research and development on ceramic products, operating primarily in the context of the university\/company interface and providing technical and technological consulting services to the industry. The Center for Technological Innovation in Ceramics (Citec\/CCB) has a modern laboratory infrastructure that has been accredited by the National Institute of Metrology, Quality, and Technology (Inmetro) to conduct certification and quality control tests on products and processes. Citec has a fully equipped facility for making any type of ceramic tile on a laboratory scale, as well as equipment to assess mechanical strength, surface abrasion resistance, and the slip resistance of floor tiles.<\/p>\n

\"At

L\u00e9o Ramos<\/span>At the Villagres company, digital printing technology reproduces the photo of a tiger on a ceramic floor tileL\u00e9o Ramos<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

In 2011 alone, 20,577 tests were performed at Citec\/CCB laboratories, which are staffed by 12 researchers, of whom three have master\u2019s degrees and three have doctoral degrees. \u201cWith the start of Citec operations, we began to develop new products, improve production methods, and engage in post-sale activities. That gave us a solid understanding of the principal problems that customers experienced with ceramic coverings. Similarly, we conducted research into methods of ceramic tile application, which enabled us to achieve a significant decline in problems encountered in laying the product,\u201d Paschoal says.<\/p>\n

Working with Anfacer, the CCB also participated in the drafting of technical standards for the industry, the Brazilian standard for porcelain among them. CCB is coordinator of the Commission on Studies of Ceramic Tiles organized by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT). \u201cBy applying very strict parameters, the standard for porcelain, NBR 15463, was created in response to a demand by the manufacturers themselves, who wanted to emphasize the high quality and competitiveness of Brazilian porcelain. The first in the world, the rule was submitted to the International Committee on ISO 189, which works on world standards for ceramic coverings,\u201d says Menegazzo. \u201cBrazil is the only country that has adopted a specific standard for porcelain, and its technical requirements are the most demanding of any country. That is why I can say without hesitation that the porcelain ceramics products certified by the CCB are the best in the world,\u201d she says. According to her, Brazil is an active participant in efforts to revise international technical standards. \u201cWe are currently working with the Ceramic Technology Institute (ITC) of Spain, the Tile Council of North America (TCNA) of the United States, and the Ceramic Center of Bologna (CCB) in Italy, in developing new methods for testing the abrasion resistance of ceramic products,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

The favorable results of recent years have kept optimism high among manufacturers. Many S\u00e3o Paulo companies plan to expand their factories. Rochaforte, for example, is planning to open affiliates in the Northeast of Brazil. Those branches are important because the cost of shipping goods from the factories to the customer is an important factor in final product price. The expansion observed in the domestic market, according to Paschoal, is likely to continue heating up demand for ceramic wall and floor tile. \u201cDespite the significant increase in construction of new housing in recent years, Brazil still has a large housing deficit\u2014on the order of 10 million units. Furthermore, there is also the building renovation market, which suggests a major rise in potential consumption of ceramics,\u201d he says. To Paschoal, the major challenge from here out is to increase the productivity of the Brazilian ceramics industry and encourage the development of new ceramic products, primarily through technological innovation, \u201cenabling Brazil to achieve even more prominence in the world market.\u201d<\/p>\n

Project<\/strong>
\nSector consortium of the ceramic coverings industry in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo: technological innovation and competitiveness (n\u00ba 2001\/10783-5<\/a>); Grant mechanism<\/strong> Sectoral Consortia for Research and Innovation (ConSITec); Coordinator<\/strong> Jos\u00e9 Oct\u00e1vio Armani Paschoal \u2013 CCB; Investment<\/strong> R$586,715.13 (FAPESP) and R$586,715.13 (Companies).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Brazil is the world\u2019s second largest producer of ceramic wall and floor tiles","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[169],"tags":[243],"coauthors":[116],"class_list":["post-115395","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technology","tag-innovation"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115395","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115395"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115395\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115395"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=115395"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=115395"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=115395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}