{"id":145676,"date":"2014-03-14T14:00:34","date_gmt":"2014-03-14T17:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=145676"},"modified":"2014-04-04T12:55:23","modified_gmt":"2014-04-04T15:55:23","slug":"expanded-details","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/expanded-details\/","title":{"rendered":"Expanded Details"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Closer

Instituto Florestal<\/span>Closer and closer: 20 years of a single area in Dracena, a region in the northwest part of the state that has one of the lowest indices of native vegetation of any in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo. In 1991…Instituto Florestal<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

This month (January 2014), the Forestry Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo State (IF) is expected to begin production of its Invent\u00e1rio forestal da vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o natural do estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (Forestry Inventory of Native Vegetation in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo), which identifies the boundaries of areas of native vegetation or reforestation in S\u00e3o Paulo State. Instead of using satellite images, as was done for the earlier versions, the Florestal team will use aerial photographs made available by Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano (Emplasa), thereby increasing the spatial resolution 100 times over in comparison with the third edition, completed in 2009.<\/p>\n

The improvement in spatial resolution is expected to expand the known dimensions of the area of native vegetation\u2014Atlantic Forest, the Cerrado (savannahs), and mangrove thickets\u2014in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo. In the third version of the inventory, the use of satellite images with a resolution four times greater than that of the previous edition brought into view some previously unnoticed areas, and increased the area occupied by fields and forests in various stages of conservation by 25%. This area now measures 4.34 million hectares, the equivalent of 17.5% of the state\u2019s territory. Other states, such as Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, have conducted similar studies, although not with such a detailed scale. (see Pesquisa FAPESP Issue No. 170<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was State Secretary of Environment Bruno Covas who personally asked in May 2013 that we prepare an updated version of the inventory,\u201d says Marco Aur\u00e9lio Nalon, an IF researcher and coordinator of the effort. The Invent\u00e1rio Florestal has become a vital document in defining official guidelines that may contribute to environmental policy and for studies of biodiversity in this state. The second edition, released in 2003 with support from the Biota-FAPESP Program, led to passage of a law that protects what native vegetation remains in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo.<\/p>\n

\"...

Instituto Florestal<\/span>… in 1998…Instituto Florestal<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

One Map Every Two Months<\/strong>
\nThe planning for the fourth edition, budgeted at R$2 million, calls for production of one simplified map every other month, sequenced by hydrographic basin, to help supervisory groups such as the Environmental Police and the Department of Natural Resource Protection in their field work. Another new feature is that production of the maps will, for the first time, be contracted out. The contractor company is expected to be chosen in early January via electronic bidding and will immediately begin producing maps, under supervision by the institute\u2019s team.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe images we will use are already here,\u201d says Nalon, pointing to one of three hard disks lying on his desk among three computer monitors. On the walls are the photos of mountains in the United States that he has scaled during his years as a mountain-climber, starting in 1985. \u201cThere are 1,292 aerial orthophotographs of the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, produced on a scale of 1:25,000, with a spatial resolution of one meter.\u201d He notes that in the two earlier versions of the inventory, the smallest area analyzed measured from two to three hectares, equivalent to two or three soccer fields. In 2010, for the third edition, the minimum area shrank to 2,500 square meters (m2), one-fourth of a soccer field, and showed many more details. Now, according to Nalon, with the current batch of aerial photos the minimum area will be smaller\u2014about 900 to 1,000 m2 or one\u2013tenth of a soccer field. \u201cThis is the stuff of dreams,\u201d he says, with great satisfaction.<\/p>\n

The increase in resolution and the new organizational model that will permit continuous production of maps during the course of one year, represent an enormous advance over the first edition of the Invent\u00e1rio Florestal that came out in 1993. The first map, produced from images from the Landsat satellite after two years of manual labor, is 4 meters wide by 3 meters tall, and is on display at one of the offices of the Institute\u2019s Geoprocessing Laboratory.<\/p>\n

\"...

Instituto Florestal<\/span>… and in 2004Instituto Florestal<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cWe pasted 416 topographical maps from the IBGE on the wall, made some corrections, photographed them, and reduced them to a scale of 1:250,000,\u201d Nalon recalls. \u201cWhen someone around here starts complaining about life, I ask: \u201c Do you want to paint?\u201d And I make him look at the map. Today the images have all been scanned and interpretation is semi-automatic, but I\u2019ve certainly painted a lot of maps in my lifetime, like this one, with a hydrographic pen.\u201d Seen from close up, it is obvious that the map was produced informally: the areas of vegetation\u2014Atlantic Forest, mangroves, and savannahs\u2014and areas reforested with pines and eucalyptus were hand-painted in different colors. The urban areas were left blank and tiny typed labels were used to designate the conservation units.<\/p>\n

Nalon, a physicist by training, was assigned the task of modernizing the map production of native vegetation in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1991, using computer graphics and image interpretation programs. Under the previous method, which was completely manual, it was hard to see whether a given area of vegetation had grown or shrunk from one year to the next. \u201cWe placed the satellite image on a light table, and then laid a transparent sheet over it and used India ink to draw in the fragments of native vegetation. We drew the contour lines by hand, and used an apparatus to calculate the area occupied by each fragment,\u201d he recalls. \u201c We made index cards for the fragments, each one was numbered, and we digitized them on a computer spreadsheet.\u201d<\/p>\n

Publications<\/strong>
\nKRONKA, F.J. N. et al<\/em>. Invent\u00e1rio florestal do estado de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/a>. IF<\/strong>. 1993.
\nKRONKA, F.J. N. et al<\/em>. Areas de dom\u00ednio do cerrado no estado de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/a>. IF<\/strong>. 1998.
\nKRONKA, F.J. N. et al<\/em>. Invent\u00e1rio florestal das \u00e1reas reflorestadas do estado de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/a>. IF<\/strong>. 2002.
\nKRONKA, F.J. N. et al<\/em>. Invent\u00e1rio florestal da vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o natural do estado de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/a>. IF<\/strong>. 2005.
\nKRONKA, F.J. N. et al<\/em>. Invent\u00e1rio florestal da vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o natural do estado de S\u00e3o Paulo: Regi\u00f5es Administrativas de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos (Litoral), Baixada Santista e Registro<\/a>. IF<\/strong>. 2007.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Invent\u00e1rio will show S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s native vegetation in high-definition","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166],"tags":[256],"coauthors":[5968],"class_list":["post-145676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-policies-st-en","tag-public-policies"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145676"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145676\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=145676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=145676"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=145676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}