{"id":235617,"date":"2017-03-29T17:11:55","date_gmt":"2017-03-29T20:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/?p=235617"},"modified":"2017-03-29T17:43:23","modified_gmt":"2017-03-29T20:43:23","slug":"the-empires-river","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/the-empires-river\/","title":{"rendered":"The Empire\u2019s river"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Paulo

S\u00e3o Paulo Assis Chateaubriand Museum of Art Collection |Reproduction Jo\u00e3o Musa <\/span><\/a> Paulo Afonso Falls<\/em>, E. F. Schute 1850, oil on canvasS\u00e3o Paulo Assis Chateaubriand Museum of Art Collection |Reproduction Jo\u00e3o Musa <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cThe village of Pirapora consists of 30-35 small grass or coconut palm thatch-roofed houses, inhabited by fishermen and their families, who engage in catching fish, hanging them to dry in the sun and selling them to troops who come looking for it to take mostly to the cities, towns, camps and mining services of the Diamantina District.\u201d<\/p>\n

That is how German engineer Henrique Guilherme Fernando Halfeld (1797-1873) described the type of settlement \u2013 today a city of 60,000 inhabitants \u2013 from where he and his team left to conduct a meticulous cartographic survey of the S\u00e3o Francisco River, from 1852 to 1854, at the request of the Brazilian imperial government.\u00a0 Published in 1860, his report and maps describe the differences between the various sections of the river in precise detail and recommend the construction work needed to make them more navigable.<\/p>\n

\"Map

Senate Library <\/span><\/a> Map of Paulo Afonso Falls made by HalfeldSenate Library <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cThey are maps for study or feasibility projects that served to estimate the costs of construction, much like those he had made on other stretches,\u201d says Jorge Pimentel Cintra, professor at the Polytechnic School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) an expert in historical cartography, who examined the work of Halfeld at the request of Pesquisa <\/em>FAPESP. \u201cThe maps contain no geographical coordinates, a factor that would not only have made the work more expensive and were not justified during that phase, but would have also made the process even more time consuming. However, they are rigorously to scale, oriented due north and totally fulfill their representative function, which was most important during this phase of study.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe S\u00e3o Francisco River had strategic importance for the Empire, since it was able to connect the southern provinces, especially Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, with those of the north, mainly Bahia and Pernambuco,\u201d says historian Gabriel Oliveira of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) who in 2015 completed a study about the Northeastern region\u2019s major river. \u00a0Imperial government officials took an optimistic view of the river because they knew little about it and pictured it as perpetually calm and favorable to steam navigation, which turned out not to be the case.<\/p>\n

\"Living

Reproduction by Engineer Halfeld, Wilson Bastos <\/span><\/a> Living in Brazil since 1825, Halfeld bought iron-ore-enriched land and served as a councilman in Juiz de ForaReproduction by Engineer Halfeld, Wilson Bastos <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Halfeld arrived in Brazil in 1825 to join the Brazilian Imperial Army Corps of Foreigners and conduct scientific and technical projects.\u00a0 \u201cHe is a good example of the way in which engineering and military know-how combined in the 19th<\/sup> century to help the Brazilian Empire become a modern nation,\u201d says historian Regina Horta Duarte, professor at UFMG who served as Oliveira\u2019s advisor. Hired as head engineer of Minas Gerais in 1836, Halfeld distinguished himself as an expert in road construction and was appointed by the imperial government to map the navigable stretches of the river between Pirapora and its mouth, on the border between the provinces of Sergipe and Alagoas.<\/p>\n

The engineer traveled 382 maritime leagues, or close to 2,100 of the 2,800 kilometers of the river\u2019s length.\u00a0 He described the types of vessels and fish in each section, detailed the variation in the height of the ravines (from 12 to 60 palms; a palm equivalent to 22 centimeters) and noted which stretches were narrow or wide, deep or shallow, and calm or more agitated.\u00a0 River banks were lower and the waters swifter in the vicinity of the 80-meter-drop Paulo Afonso Falls, largely undone by construction of five power plants that are part of the Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex, inaugurated a century later, in 1955.\u00a0 Faced with obstacles to navigation, he concluded that the river\u2019s stretch of waterfalls required \u201ca correction that would lend itself to a safe and easy passage\u201d and he proposed the construction of locks and channeling and the removal of rocks from a branch of the river.<\/p>\n

\"An

NATIONAL LIBRARY <\/span><\/a> An 1848 map by Marcos Macedo proposes re-routing the waters of the S\u00e3o Francisco to the state of Cear\u00e1NATIONAL LIBRARY <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

At the end of Atlas e relatorio concernente a explora\u00e7\u00e3o do rio de S. Francisco, desde a cachoeira da Pirapora at\u00e9 ao Oceano Atlantico <\/em>(original title) [Atlas and report concerning exploration of the S. Francisco River, from Pirapora falls to the Atlantic Ocean], he proposed making use of the \u201cexisting forests on both banks of that river and of its tributaries\u201d as fuel for future steam-powered craft. He completed the report July 20, 1858 in the town of Santo Antonio de Paraibuna, in what is now Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, where he lived, bought iron-ore-enriched land at a low price (since it was of no use in agriculture), served three consecutive terms as city councilman and died at age 76, leaving his third wife (the two previous wives had already died) a widow with 16 children.<\/p>\n

In 1862, also at the request of the imperial government, French astronomer Emmanuel Liais (1826-1900) completed the work of Halfeld by mapping the Pirapora River to its headwaters.\u00a0 In the late 19th<\/sup> century, Bahian engineer Theodoro Sampaio (1855-1937), as a member of the Imperial Hydraulics Commission, mapped the opposite direction, from the mouth to Pirapora, returning by land to map the rivers and settlements of the Diamantina Plateau (see Pesquisa FAPESP <\/em>Issue n\u00ba 214<\/a>). \u201cThe work by Sampaio would also serve as a study for an alternative to the river \u2013 the Railroad \u2013 which was actually implemented in another section, from Salvador to Juazeiro,\u201d notes Jorge Pimentel Cintra.<\/p>\n

\"Piranhas,

F. IGN\u00c1CIO MENDO \/ NATIONAL LIBRARY<\/span><\/a> Piranhas, in the state of Alagoas, along the banks of the S\u00e3o Francisco, and the Paulo Afonso Railroad under construction in 1870F. IGN\u00c1CIO MENDO \/ NATIONAL LIBRARY<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

On the S\u00e3o Francisco River, only the minor construction work such as the removal of stones from the riverbed were implemented during the 19th<\/sup> century.\u00a0 \u201cThe imperial government prioritized the construction of railroads and fortification of the port of Rio de Janeiro instead of furthering Halfeld\u2019s proposal for re-routing the waters of the S\u00e3o Francisco to the Jaguaribe River in the state of Cear\u00e1, something that had been suggested since the late 18th<\/sup> century and presented by a lawyer from Crato, Cear\u00e1 State, Marcos Antonio de Macedo, on a map published in 1848,\u201d Oliveira says. The cost, technical limitations and political disputes prevented any progress on a project whose discussion was taken up again during the administrations of Get\u00falio Vargas (1930-1945), Jo\u00e3o Figueiredo (1979-1985), Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1994-2002) and Luis In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). Construction work to re-route the waters to the driest areas of the Brazilian Northeast finally began in 2007 and is ongoing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Halfeld was the first to conduct a survey of the S\u00e3o Francisco River","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[152],"tags":[228,239,241],"coauthors":[5968],"class_list":["post-235617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-retrospect","tag-engineering","tag-geography","tag-history"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235617","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=235617"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235617\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=235617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=235617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=235617"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=235617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}