{"id":245660,"date":"2017-08-29T14:53:33","date_gmt":"2017-08-29T17:53:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=245660\/"},"modified":"2017-08-29T14:55:37","modified_gmt":"2017-08-29T17:55:37","slug":"intellectuals-in-action","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/intellectuals-in-action\/","title":{"rendered":"Intellectuals in action"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"

Photo Collection of the Paulista Museum at USP | Reproduction H\u00e9lio Nobre\/Jos\u00e9 Rosael<\/span><\/a> Family scene from the 1920s: reading to children was a common habitPhoto Collection of the Paulista Museum at USP | Reproduction H\u00e9lio Nobre\/Jos\u00e9 Rosael<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

While investigating the production, distribution, and consumption of so-called \u201cmen\u2019s books\u201d (i.e., pornographic), Alessandra El Far, professor of anthropology at the Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp) and author of the book P\u00e1ginas de sensa\u00e7\u00e3o <\/em>[Sensational pages] (Companhia das Letras, 2004), noticed that \u201cchildren\u2019s books were also quite popular in Rio de Janeiro, thanks to the initiative of Pedro da Silva Quaresma, owner of Livraria do Povo bookstore, who published the collection known as the Children\u2019s Library.\u201d<\/p>\n

The two sectors of the publishing industry were connected. Pimentel, who edited the collection of children\u2019s books, became a figure of wide public renown after he authored the controversial O aborto <\/em>[The abortion], released in 1893, an example of books aimed at men, likewise published by Quaresma. O aborto <\/em>contained \u201cmany scenes of sex, lust, and obscenities, not recommended for women,\u201d writes El Far. According to her, O aborto<\/em> and A mulata<\/em> [The mulatto woman]\u2014the latter by Portuguese novelist Carlos Malheiro Dias (1875-1941), who also penned children\u2019s books\u2014sold more than 5,000 copies in just a few months, giving Quaresma enough financial wiggle room to invest in the children\u2019s market. Around the same time, starting in 1860, the novels of Jos\u00e9 de Alencar and Machado de Assis began reaching bookstores, which were concentrated along Rua do Ouvidor and other streets in the vicinity of downtown Rio de Janeiro.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Reproductions Eduardo Cesar<\/span><\/a> European classics: Juca e Chico<\/em>, translated by Olavo Bilac…Reproductions Eduardo Cesar<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

In addition to seeking out new authors, publishers created ties to the growing school system, the government (which bought teaching material for students), and newspapers (which made immediate gains by selling advertising space for the books). \u201cThe press gradually assumed the role of \u2018guarantor\u2019 of the quality of educational books and authors, formerly endorsed basically through their connections to institutions like Col\u00e9gio Pedro II high school and the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute,\u201d wrote Alexandra Lima da Silva, professor with the Graduate Program in History at the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), in a paper that appeared in the Revista Brasileira da Hist\u00f3ria da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o <\/em>in 2014. \u201cPromotion was vital in the book trade, ranging from press advertisements paid for by publishers to pamphlets and excerpts printed on the backs of the books themselves,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Andr\u00e9a Borges Le\u00e3o, sociologist and professor at the Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), studied the establishment and activities of Livraria Garnier bookstore and, in an article published in Hist\u00f3ria da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> in 2007, concluded: \u201cI dismiss the hypothesis that the history of the French bookstore in Brazil was nothing but a colonialist initiative.\u201d According to Le\u00e3o, although editor Baptiste-Louis Garnier (1823-1893) was reputed to be a mercenary\u2014so much so that the initials of his first name were said to stand for \u201cBom Ladr\u00e3o<\/em>\u201d (good thief)\u2014he played a decisive role in the production of children\u2019s books in Brazil because he published translations of classic European works, such as the stories of Perrault and novels of Jules Verne, supplying not just the readers but also the future writers of ensuing Brazilian books.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Reproductions Eduardo Cesar<\/span><\/a> Aventuras pasmosas do celeb\u00e9rrimo bar\u00e3o de M\u00fcnchhausen<\/em> [The Surprising Adventures and Travels of Baron Munchausen], published in 1901; and Robinson Crusoe<\/em>, published in 1884, the latter two translated by Carlos JansenReproductions Eduardo Cesar<\/span><\/p><\/div>\u201cIn the late 19th century, most books for children and young adults were printed in France and Germany, because it was cheaper and the quality of the printing was better than in Brazil,\u201d says USP professor Patr\u00edcia Raffaini. \u201cIt took a little over 20 days for books to reach Rio by ship, and the telegraph and postal services allowed publishers to learn of successful books in Europe, so they could release them in Brazil a few years after they\u2019d been launched in their homelands.\u201d Because of this web of production and trade relations, books by British, Italian, and U.S. authors\u2014like Alice in Wonderland<\/em>, Pinocchio<\/em>, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer<\/em>\u2014arrived via French or German translation, only coming out in Brazil after 1920. Reports by specialists who have examined this era highlight the quality of the work done by Carlos Jansen (1829-1889), a German who relocated to Rio de Janeiro in 1878, where he taught at Col\u00e9gio Pedro II high school. Jansen did translations and adaptations that were well received by both public and critics alike, such as One Thousand and One Nights<\/em>, published in 1884 with a foreword by Machado de Assis (1839-1908), and Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em>, which came out in 1888 with a foreword by Rui Barbosa (1849-1923). He also wrote Contos para filhos e netos <\/em>[Stories for children and grandchildren], published in 1889. All three were released by Editora Laemmert.<\/p>\n

Portuguese editor Francisco Alves (1848-1917), owner of the bookstore and publishing house of the same name\u2014inherited from an uncle\u2014also came out with translations, but he was known more for producing numerous school books and primers starting in 1860. Some of the titles were read both in school and at home, like Cora\u00e7\u00e3o <\/em>[Heart], by Edmundo De Amicis (1846-1908), a collection of heroic tales about boys from different regions of Italy, released in Milan in 1886. The book appeared in Rio in 1891, translated by Sergipe author Jo\u00e3o Ribeiro (1860-1934), a prominent teacher at Col\u00e9gio Pedro II.<\/p>\n

Intellectuals at that time also wrote books with a civic message, \u201caiming to instill moral and ethical values in children,\u201d said Patr\u00edcia Hansen. \u201cBooks and readers were ascribed the role of social transformation.\u201d In her doctoral dissertation, defended at USP in 2007, Hansen analyzed 18 textbooks, including Am\u00e9rica <\/em>[America], published in 1897 and written by Rio Grande do Sul native Henrique Coelho Neto (1864-1934). He drew inspiration from Cora\u00e7\u00e3o; Poesias infantis <\/em>[Children\u2019s poems], published in 1904 and written by Rio de Janeiro poet and journalist Olavo Bilac (1865-1918), who three years earlier had used the name Fant\u00e1sio to sign his translation of Juca e Chico <\/em>[Max and Moritz: A Story of Seven Boyish Pranks<\/em>], released by Laemmert; and Saudade <\/em>[Longing], one of the few titles to focus on life in the countryside, written by S\u00e3o Paulo historian and professor Tales de Andrade (1890-1977) and published in 1919, with a first run of 15,000 copies.<\/p>\n

Read more<\/em>:\u00a0Lobato\u2019s predecessors<\/a><\/p>\n

Scientific articles<\/em>
\nLEAO, A. B. A Livraria Garnier e a hist\u00f3ria dos livros infantis no Brasil \u2013 G\u00eanese e forma\u00e7\u00e3o de um campo liter\u00e1rio (1858-1920)<\/a>. Hist\u00f3ria da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>. Vol. 1, pp. 159-84. 2007.
\nSILVA, A. L. da. A carne do mercado: Livros did\u00e1ticos e o florescimento do com\u00e9rcio livreiro na cidade do Rio de Janeiro.<\/a> Revista Brasileira de Hist\u00f3ria da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>. Vol. 14, pp. 223-49. 2014.<\/p>\n

Book
\nEL FAR, A. P\u00e1ginas de sensa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> [Sensational pages]. S\u00e3o Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2004, 408 pp.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Editors and teachers worked together to produce children\u2019s books","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[156],"tags":[241,245],"coauthors":[5968],"class_list":["post-245660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cover","tag-history","tag-literature"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245660","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=245660"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245660\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=245660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=245660"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=245660"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=245660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}