{"id":250663,"date":"2017-12-19T18:21:06","date_gmt":"2017-12-19T20:21:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=250663\/"},"modified":"2017-12-19T18:37:04","modified_gmt":"2017-12-19T20:37:04","slug":"united-cities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/united-cities\/","title":{"rendered":"United cities"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Eduardo Cesar<\/span><\/a> Campinas, principal destination of the 312,000 people who frequently travel between municipalities in the region in 2010Eduardo Cesar<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

In growing numbers over recent years, the mayors of the 20 municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (RMC) and representatives of state government departments have met in monthly meetings held by the Metropolitan Agency of Campinas (Agemcamp) to discuss and solve common problems. \u201cThe mayors have begun to show greater regional awareness, because reality has shown us the need for metropolitan governance,\u201d notes Ester Viana, executive director of Agemcamp, a state agency established in 2003 to promote actions regarding shared interests among the almost 3,000,000 residents of the second largest metropolitan region in the state. A coffee producing center in the 19th<\/sup> century, but now one of the principal industrial and technological hubs in Brazil, the RMC is surpassed only by the Metropolitan Region of S\u00e3o Paulo, with its 39 municipalities and population of 21,000,000.<\/p>\n

Ester Viana says that some problems, such as public transportation, which is provided by a company that covers almost all the municipalities in the region are being handled better, but there are still other problems to be solved, such as solid waste disposal and sanitation. An integrated action agreement between the investigative and regular police and the municipal guards is at an advanced stage, and should be approved by the end of the year. The agency is currently drafting an Integrated Urban Development Plan (PDUI), with support from the University of Campinas (Unicamp) and the Paulista Metropolitan Planning Corporation (Emplasa), which should be ready next year. The objective is to integrate the master plans of the various municipalities with guidelines to be followed throughout the region. The decisions will be implemented by the Metropolitan Region of Campinas Development Fund (Fundocamp), composed of resources from the state and the municipalities themselves.<\/p>\n

Today, the RMC is an area of continuous urban sprawl, with intense movement of people among municipalities, justifying actions to integrate public services. \u201cAlmost half of the economically active population of Hortol\u00e2ndia worked in Campinas in 2010,\u201d says demographer Jos\u00e9 Marcos Pinto da Cunha by way of example. He is a professor from the Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences (IFCH) and researcher at the Population Studies Center (NEPO), both at Unicamp. He also works as a researcher at the\u00a0Center for Metropolitan Studies (CEM), one of the Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers (RIDC) supported by FAPESP, and coordinated the atlas entitled\u00a0Campinas metropolitana: Diversidades socioespaciais na virada para o s\u00e9culo XXI<\/a>, <\/em>[Metropolitan Campinas: Socio-spatial diversities at the turn of the 21st<\/sup> century], released in electronic format in July 2017.<\/p>\n

The atlas was prepared using information from the Demographic Censuses of 2000 and 2010, and demonstrated the intensification in relations and traffic among residents of the different municipalities of the RMC. Motivated by the fact that people may work in one municipality and live in another, frequent movement between cities, i.e., commuting, soared from 176,000 people in 2000 to 312,000 in 2010 (see maps<\/em><\/a>). This movement may be even broader, connecting residents of metropolitan regions and urban clusters in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, forming the Paulista macrometropolis, which covers 173 municipalities, from the Piracicaba region in the south to Vale do Para\u00edba further north, and includes 73% of the state\u2019s population. In 2010, 2,900,000 people frequently travelled between the cities where they lived in and the cities where they worked, according to a study by Cunha and other researchers from Unicamp and Emplasa, published in 2013 in the journal Cadernos Metr\u00f3pole<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Based on the intense movements of people and the territorial integration, Cunha considers residents of these regions to be \u201cmetropolitan citizens, whose living space is much larger than just the municipality where they live.\u201d He argues that city residents should not spend more time in transit, whether by car or on a bus, just because they live in a different city from where they work. \u201cIt is important to ensure access to quality public services, such as health care and transportation, not just in the municipality where people live, but also in neighboring municipalities,\u201d he says. One of the current efforts being made by Agemcamp is developing a health care card to be implemented sometime in the future that would facilitate access to medical services in any municipality in the RMC.<\/p>\n

In metropolitan regions, Cunha argues, \u201cmayors can no longer think only about their own cities;\u201d however, initiatives designed to promote integrated actions are not always successful. In 2016, at one of the preparatory debates for the 6th<\/sup> Conference on Cities in Campinas, architect Adalberto da Silva Retto J\u00fanior, a professor at S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru campus, criticized the lack of integration in planning by Campinas with that of the neighboring municipalities, in spite of the heavy flows of commuting by the population. In 2015, he helped to draw up the mobility (transportation) plan for Holambra, working with the team from the municipal government. \u201cWe tried to talk with the municipal government of Campinas, to promote dialogue about those plans, but they did not get back to us,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Other changes<\/strong>
\nThe RMC atlas showed that the areas in which lower income residents are more predominant, such as Sumar\u00e9, Hortol\u00e2ndia, Monte Mor and other municipalities east of the Anhanguera highway, are now also home to members of the middle class who are searching for places to live at more accessible prices. Cunha noted these urban transformations at the beginning of June, when he visited Vila Uni\u00e3o, in the southwest part of Campinas, which now boasts paved roads, street lighting and middle class condominiums, in stark contrast to what he observed during his first field work in the region, more than 10 years ago. \u201cToday, Vila Uni\u00e3o is effectively part of the city,\u201d he noted.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Even so, Cunha observed, \u201cas in the majority of metropoles in Brazil, Campinas continues to show high rates of poverty, unemployment, violence, unequal socioeconomic development, and above all, a strong degree of social segregation within its territory.\u201d As in the previous issue of the atlas, published in 2004, the recent issue shows that the region is still divided into two opposing areas, one predominantly home to the wealthiest population, and the other home to the poorest, separated by the Anhanguera highway. The area predominantly occupied by the wealthier population \u2013 from Vinhedo, passing northward through central Campinas up to Paul\u00ednia \u2013 has shown an increasingly upscale trend, as has also been noted in other regions in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo (see Pesquisa FAPESP<\/em> Issue No. 254<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Compared to the previous issue of the atlas, the RMC showed a decline in the population growth rate (from a yearly average of 2.5% in the 1990s to 1.8% in the first decade of the 2000s), an increase in the proportion of residences headed exclusively by a woman (from 21.4% in 2000 to 25.6% in 2010), improvements in urban infrastructure, increased high-rise construction and the gradual emergence of new suburbs, composed of gated communities for the middle and upper classes in Campinas, Paul\u00ednia, Jaguari\u00fana, Valinhos and Vinhedo.<\/p>\n

In an article published in 2016 in the journal Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>, Cunha noted that the housing scarcity or its high cost has led residents of the RMC to seek out places farther from their workplace. As a result, the population of Campinas has grown at an average annual rate of 1.09% between 2000 and 2010, while in neighboring municipalities, the population growth was 2.29% a year over these past 10 years.<\/p>\n

Beyond planning<\/strong>
\nArchitect Sidney Piochi Bernardini, from Unicamp, examined the legislation governing land use in the RMC between 1970 and 2006 and concluded that urban guidelines are not always followed: \u201cThe majority of the municipalities in the RMC did not follow the master plans and so planning did not have any practical effect, because mayors enacted successive laws to try to solve the problems created by changes in the use and occupation of the land, and by urban expansion, which intensified in the 1970s.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bernardini found that 3,097 urban plans and laws had been passed over these 37 years; 295 laws were enacted to expand the urban perimeter and to allow the construction of residential condominiums in areas previously considered rural. He states that beginning in the 1990s, land use legislation hindered urban expansion by creating conservation units in nonurbanized areas to protect environmental services, such as the water supply.<\/p>\n

In the RMC, rural areas have become scarce and are not now very different from urban areas, as is true in other parts of Brazil (see Pesquisa FAPESP<\/em> issue No. 204<\/a>). The municipality of Hortol\u00e2ndia, home to a concentration of the low-income population of the RMC, is now totally urban, without any rural areas, as is also the case for some cities in the Metropolitan Region of S\u00e3o Paulo.<\/p>\n

Projects<\/strong>
\n1.<\/strong> CEM \u2013 Center for Metropolitan Studies (no. 13\/07616-7); Grant Mechanism<\/strong>\u00a0Research Grant \u2013 Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers (RIDC); Principal Investigator<\/strong>\u00a0Marta Teresa da Silva Arretche (USP); Investment<\/strong>\u00a0R$10,234,702.08.
\n2.<\/strong> The processes of recent urbanization and its interfaces with the contemporary territorial and urban planning: the case of metropolitan area of Campinas (1970-2006) (No. 14\/14502-0); Grant Mechanism<\/strong>\u00a0Regular Research Grant; Principal Investigator<\/strong>\u00a0Sidney Piochi Bernardini (Unicamp); Investment<\/strong>\u00a0R$30,124.44.<\/p>\n

Book
\nCUNHA, J. M. P. da and FALC\u00c3O, C. A. (editors.) Campinas metropolitana:\u00a0 Diversidades socioespaciais na virada para o s\u00e9culo XXI<\/strong><\/a>. Campinas: Population Studies Center (NEPO\/Unicamp) and Center for Metropolitan Studies (RIDC), 2017.<\/p>\n

Scientific articles<\/em>
\nCUNHA, J. M. P. da. Aglomera\u00e7\u00f5es urbanas e mobilidade populacional: O caso da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de Campinas<\/a>. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>. V. 33, p. 99-127. 2016.
\nCUNHA, J. M. P. da et al.<\/em> A mobilidade pendular na macrometr\u00f3pole paulista: Diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o e complementaridade socioespacial<\/a>. \u00a0Cadernos metr\u00f3pole<\/strong>. V. 15, N. 30, p. 433-59. 2013.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Cities in Campinas come together to solve common problems\r\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[165],"tags":[222,265],"coauthors":[5968],"class_list":["post-250663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-humanities","tag-demography","tag-urbanism"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/250663","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=250663"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/250663\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=250663"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=250663"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=250663"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=250663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}