{"id":299219,"date":"2019-08-13T14:46:14","date_gmt":"2019-08-13T17:46:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=299219"},"modified":"2019-08-13T15:50:36","modified_gmt":"2019-08-13T18:50:36","slug":"rd-spending-breakdown-usa-2017","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/rd-spending-breakdown-usa-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"R&#038;D spending breakdown \u2013 USA (2017)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Spending by sector<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Of the US$542 billion spent on research and development (R&amp;D) in the United States in 2017, 73% was invested by businesses and 13% by universities. Government agencies accounted for 10% and nonprofit organizations (NPOs), such as research foundations and institutes, made up the remaining 4%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<picture data-tablet=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-1-tablet-en.png\" data-tablet_size=\"2280x1418\" alt=\"\">\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-1-desktop-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1920px)\" \/>\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-1-tablet-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" \/>\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"responsive-img\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-1-mobile-en.png\" \/>\n  <\/picture><span class=\"embed media-credits-inline\"> <\/span>\n<p><strong>Funding sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>93.6% of spending by business was self-funded (including from third parties) and 6.4% came from the government (6.0% federal funding and 0.4% from state and foreign governments)<\/li>\n<li>At universities, 56% of R&amp;D expenditure was covered by federal and state funding, 28% from the institutions themselves, 6% from businesses, and 10% from NPOs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<picture data-tablet=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-2-tablet-en.png\" data-tablet_size=\"2280x2220\" alt=\"\">\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-2-desktop-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1920px)\" \/>\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-2-tablet-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" \/>\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"responsive-img\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-2-mobile-en.png\" \/>\n  <\/picture><span class=\"embed media-credits-inline\"> <\/span>\n<p><strong>Business contributions to university R&amp;D funding<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Since records began in 1953, the most that businesses have contributed to university R&amp;D funding in the USA in one year is 8.45% (in 1957). Over the last decade, this proportion has remained level at between 5% and 6%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class='overflow-responsive-img' style='text-align:center'><picture data-tablet=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-3-tablet-en.png\" data-tablet_size=\"2280x700\" alt=\"\">\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-3-desktop-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1920px)\" \/>\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-3-tablet-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" \/>\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"responsive-img\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-3-mobile-en.png\" \/>\n  <\/picture><span class=\"embed media-credits-inline\"> <\/span><\/div><div class=\"post-content sequence\">\n<ul>\n<li>Of all the R&amp;D activities funded by businesses, a maximum of 1.47% was performed at universities in the period (in 1994). In the last decade, this proportion has varied between 1.13% and 1.23%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class='overflow-responsive-img' style='text-align:center'><picture data-tablet=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-4-tablet-en.png\" data-tablet_size=\"2280x700\" alt=\"\">\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-4-desktop-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1920px)\" \/>\n    <source srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-4-tablet-en.png\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" \/>\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"responsive-img\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/011_Dados_278-4-mobile-en.png\" \/>\n  <\/picture><span class=\"embed media-credits-inline\"> <\/span><\/div><div class=\"post-content sequence\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Of the US$542 billion spent on research and development (R&#038;D) in the United States in 2017, 73% was invested by businesses and 13% by universities","protected":false},"author":475,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1328],"tags":[225,234],"coauthors":[785],"class_list":["post-299219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-data","tag-economy","tag-finance"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/475"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=299219"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299219\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":301329,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299219\/revisions\/301329"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=299219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=299219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=299219"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=299219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}