The dunes of the Cabur\u00e9 peninsula in the north of Len\u00e7\u00f3is Maranhenses can move by several meters in just a few months, especially in the dry season between July and December. At this time of year, the winds are stronger and the level of water stored in the lagoons between the dunes is at its lowest, making the large, often crescent-shaped hills of sand more likely to shift. “The dunes are extremely dynamic and can lose up to a third of their mass, or even change location entirely,” says oceanographer Denilson da Silva Bezerra, from the Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA). In December 2015 and January 2017, he worked with colleagues from the Federal Institute of Maranh\u00e3o (IFMA), the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE), and Ceuma University in S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Maranh\u00e3o, to take high-precision measurements from 1,700 locations in the dunes near the beaches of Cabur\u00e9, a former fishing village and popular tourist destination in the municipality of Barreirinhas.<\/p>\n
In the 14 months between the first and second measurements, the Cabur\u00e9 dunes diminished in height by an average of 30 centimeters (cm). According to the results, published in the journal Scientific Reports<\/em> in May, approximately 61,000 cubic meters of sand (somewhere between 90,000 and 100,000 tons) was moved in a southwesterly direction by winds reaching 70 kilometers per hour. The Cabur\u00e9 Peninsula is an area of sand trapped between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pregui\u00e7as River, occupying an area of almost 3,000 hectares and comprising 2% of Len\u00e7\u00f3is Maranhenses National Park, which is the size of S\u00e3o Paulo State and is the largest dune field in South America. In Cabur\u00e9, most of these sandy formations (77%) are 1 to 3 meters (m) high, and 22% exceed 3 m. The largest reach almost 12 m. Further inside the park, the dunes are larger and can reach 20 m in height for stretches of over 200 m.<\/p>\n The study coordinated by Bezerra is one of the few to measure the height of dunes and monitor how they move. The researchers mounted geodetic GPS devices on quad bikes and drove over the dunes at a constant speed, close to human walking pace. Geodetic GPS is far more accurate than the systems used by cell phones and automobiles\u2014its margin of error is in the order of millimeters rather than several meters\u2014allowing the group to obtain precise elevation, latitude, and longitude measurements at predetermined reference points.<\/p>\n A new basis for simulations<\/strong> “The precise measurements taken by this group are very important to the progress of simulations,” says German physicist Hans Herrmann, from the Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC). Herrmann develops mathematical models to investigate dune dynamics in Len\u00e7\u00f3is Maranhenses<\/a> and says that it has always been difficult to use data on heights obtained from satellite imagery. \u201cThe photos have very low optical contrast, which affects accuracy,” he explains.<\/p>\n Surrounded by three major biomes\u2014the Amazon, the Cerrado, and the Caatinga\u2014and an important tourist destination in Brazil, Len\u00e7\u00f3is Maranhenses National Park has long attracted the interest of researchers as a landscape that has remained stable for thousands of years, despite the individual movement of the dunes. The park does not consist solely of rolling hills of sand: it also features seasonal lagoons, beaches, mangroves, and a river. Studying the behavior of its dunes helps scientists understand the region’s past and its future, which could have significant impacts for its residents. \u201cThe surrounding areas are inhabited, and the dunes affect people’s lives as they advance over villages,” explains Bezerra, who plans to take in loco<\/em> measurements from 10 other areas in Len\u00e7\u00f3is Maranhenses. Being able to anticipate long-term changes in the dunes, while difficult, could enable housing, fishing, and tourism to be better planned.<\/p>\n
\n“We were able to directly measure the movement patterns of the dunes,” says Bezerra, who began taking the measurements as a professor at Ceuma University, a private institution that encourages its academic staff to conduct research. Prior to this study, few in loco<\/em> measurements have ever been taken. Most computer models that simulate dune movements are fed by satellite images that have a much larger margin of error. Although the area analyzed was relatively small, the level of detail obtained by the researchers could serve as a reference for validating wider observations made with other methods.<\/p>\n