{"id":321856,"date":"2020-01-21T14:42:01","date_gmt":"2020-01-21T17:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=321856"},"modified":"2020-01-21T14:42:01","modified_gmt":"2020-01-21T17:42:01","slug":"the-hidden-strokes-of-portinari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/the-hidden-strokes-of-portinari\/","title":{"rendered":"The hidden strokes of Portinari"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The taking of images at different wavelengths, such as infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray, has brought to light the nuances of the creative process of Candido Portinari (1903\u20131962). In collaboration with restorers and museologists, the team of the nuclear physicist M\u00e1rcia Rizzutto, of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), used different physico-chemical analysis techniques to study the painter\u2019s works and, in some cases, succeeded in pointing out the hidden strokes that had been sketched and later covered up by layers of paint by the artist himself. These findings are the result of studies of paintings from two collections of Portinari\u2019s works located in S\u00e3o Paulo: the murals in the Casa de Portinari Museum in Brodowski, the painter\u2019s native city, and the sacred canvas collection in the Senhor Bom Jesus da Cana Verde Sanctuary, the main church of Batatais. The studies also refined our scientific knowledge of the chemical composition of the painter\u2019s preferred colors called the pigment palette.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hidden details in a mural<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Images of different wavelengths reveal cracks and how the painter created the figure of Saint Elizabeth<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"section galeria galeria-1\">\n        <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n    var root = jQuery('.section.galeria.galeria-1');\n    var items = [];\n            items.push({\n            src: 'https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-.jpg',\n            w: 2280,\n            h: 1200,\n            title: \"With inspiration for the face from the painter\u2019s wife, Maria Martinelli, the saint had various retouches before taking its final form. Its waist was wider, as indicated by the arrow in the infrared image (<em>above and to the right<\/em>), which reveals Portinari\u2019s initial draft<br><em>Pedro Campos<\/em>\"\n        });\n                items.push({\n            src: 'https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-2.jpg',\n            w: 2280,\n            h: 1200,\n            title: \"In Brodowski, Portinari painted the Chapel of Nonna in the 1940s so that his ill grandmother could pray at home. The features of the saints are based on those of family members and friends<br><em>Pedro Campos<\/em>\"\n        });\n                items.push({\n            src: 'https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-3.jpg',\n            w: 2280,\n            h: 1200,\n            title: \"VISIBLE LIGHT: The eye-catching colors of the saint\u2019s face hide a good part of the retouches made to the painting from the naked eye<br><em>Pedro Campos<\/em>\"\n        });\n                items.push({\n            src: 'https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-4.jpg',\n            w: 2280,\n            h: 1200,\n            title: \"ULTRAVIOLET: Fixed cracks on the wall of the mural appear with clarity in this type of image<br><em>Pedro Campos<\/em>\"\n        });\n                items.push({\n            src: 'https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-5.jpg',\n            w: 2280,\n            h: 1200,\n            title: \"INFRARED: The base sketches of the painting, made in pencil, can be seen in photographs that use this type of light<br><em>Pedro Campos<\/em>\"\n        });\n                items.push({\n            src: 'https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-6.jpg',\n            w: 2280,\n            h: 1200,\n            title: \"TANGENTIAL LIGHT: The visible image of the painting illuminated with low-angle light reveals unevenness in the painting\u2019s surface as well as brush strokes<br><em>Pedro Campos<\/em>\"\n        });\n            thumbBaseWidth = 160;\n    imgRatio = 1.9;\n    function resizeSwipe(root, items) {\n        setTimeout(function() {\n            var largeWidth = root.find('figure.large').width();\n            var largeHeight = root.find('figure.large').height();\n            var maxCols = 20, minCols = 3;\n            var colRes = [];\n            root.find('figure.thumb').css('height', 'auto');\n            for (var i = minCols; i <= maxCols; i ++) {\n                var w = parseInt(largeWidth \/ i);\n                var h = parseInt(w \/ imgRatio);\n                root.find('figure.thumb').css({ width: w, height: h });\n                var delta = Math.abs(root.find('aside.thumbs').height() - root.find('figure.large').height());\n                colRes.push({ cols: i, w: w, h: h, delta: delta });\n            }\n            colRes.sort(function(a, b) { return a.delta - b.delta; });\n            var best = colRes[0];\n            var baseHeight = largeHeight + (jQuery(document.body).width() <= 760 ? 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Its waist was wider, as indicated by the arrow in the infrared image (&lt;em&gt;above and to the right&lt;\/em&gt;), which reveals Portinari\u2019s initial draft\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276--700x368.jpg\">\n        <\/figure>\n\n        <div class=\"text\">\n                        <p>With inspiration for the face from the painter\u2019s wife, Maria Martinelli, the saint had various retouches before taking its final form. Its waist was wider, as indicated by the arrow in the infrared image (<em>above and to the right<\/em>), which reveals Portinari\u2019s initial draft<br><em>Pedro Campos<\/em><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\nvar clickHandler = function(items, evt) {\n    var pswpElement = document.querySelectorAll('.pswp')[0];\n    var options = { index: parseInt(evt.target.dataset.index), shareEl: false };\n    var gallery = new PhotoSwipe( pswpElement, PhotoSwipeUI_Default, items, options);\n    gallery.init();\n};\nroot.find('figure').click(clickHandler.bind(this, items));\n<\/script>\n<div class=\"post-content sequence\">\n<p>The most interesting discoveries came from analyses of murals in a small room called the Chapel of Nonna, located in the former home of the Portinari family, which today is a museum and belongs to the Department of Culture of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo. The chapel exhibits sacred images and images of saints with physiognomies inspired by members of the artist\u2019s family and his friends. The chapel was built at the beginning of the 1940s so that Portinari\u2019s grandmother Pelegrina, who was sick at the time, could pray without having to go to church. To the left of the entrance, there is an eye-catching mural that measures 1.8 meters (m) by 1.6 m and that portrays the visit of Our Lady to Saint Elizabeth, whose faces were designed, respectively, based on the features of Portinari\u2019s sister, Olga, and his wife, Maria Martinelli (1912\u20132006).<\/p>\n<p>Rizzutto produced infrared images of Saint Elizabeth\u2019s figure and claimed that through the addition of pencil strokes, the painter corrected the drawing in three places: the contour of the eyebrow, the shape of her waist (which was reduced in comparison to the initial draft), and her fingers. \u201cReferred to as \u2018pentimento,\u2019 the pencil marks show the artist\u2019s dissatisfaction, who changed his mind during the creation of the artwork and altered the figures in the painting,\u201d comments the researcher and manager of the Center for Applied Physics Research on the Study of Artistic Heritage and History (NAP-FAEPAH) at USP. Infrared images are commonly used to investigate the creative process of painters, as the images can detect pencil sketches covered by paint.<\/p>\n<p>These details of the way that Portinari worked are invisible when the mural is observed or photographed in conventional ways using visible light. The images rendered using infrared and ultraviolet light also show that below the layers of color that give shape to the saint\u2019s face, there are two large cracks in the wall that are imperceptible to the naked eye that may have arisen due to instabilities in the structure and that were later corrected. Photos using visible light wavelengths can also be useful for highlighting unsuspected nuances of paintings when taken with a low-angle flash. In such cases, the light illuminating a painting should be placed at a very slight angle, called low-angle or tangential, in relation to the artwork\u2019s position. In this way, this type of photography can accentuate the possible disparities in the surface and outline the quantity and markings of the strokes.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>In 2018, a study discovered that Pablo Picasso hid a newspaper article in one of his paintings<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>As knowledge was gained of the painter\u2019s palette and the hidden markings that his working method tended to make, Rizzutto built a database of the chemical elements present in the paint of Portinari\u2019s works. Using the X-ray fluorescence technique, where each chemical element emits a particular pattern of this type of radiation, she mapped the pigments that give color to the artist\u2019s paintings. According to the physicist, the green used by Portinari was created by using chromium or a mixture of cobalt and cadmium. In the white pigment, zinc was predominant. The composition of the reds varied according to the tone: in general, there was iron, manganese with iron, cadmium with selenium and even mercury. The yellows were a blend of cadmium and, in some cases, even lead. \u201cPortinari was a modern artist who already used a lot of paint bought in tubes. However, he worked with many color gradations through blending and had a preference for some combinations,\u201d says Rizzutto.<\/p>\n<p>Given this knowledge, the physicist took on an even more challenging task in another room at the Casa de Portinari Museum: to determine whether the painter was the creator of a mural that was partially covered with plaster and rediscovered a few years ago. The painting is a fragment of Our Lady with a Child, which originally adorned the wall on the porch of the house. During one of the many changes that Portinari made to the house, the mural was covered up by plaster. \u201cHe extended the porch to become the house\u2019s main living room and, in the renovation process, this painting was covered up,\u201d says Ang\u00e9lica Fabbri, director of the museum. \u201cSome years ago, our restorer Julio Moraes found a blue dot and began peeling away the wall until the painting appeared.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As there is no formal registration of the work, and as it is known that Portinari sometimes invited friends to paint in his home, it has not yet been possible to attribute the painting to the artist from the city of Brodowski. \u201cThe painting has some elements that resemble one of Portinari\u2019s works,\u201d confirms Rizzutto. Among them is the use of a type of contour in the figures that is similar to that of the other murals in the museum. For now, however, the authorship of the painting has yet to be confirmed.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_321893\" style=\"max-width: 1810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-2-1800px.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-321893 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-2-1800px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1749\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-2-1800px.jpg 1800w, https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-2-1800px-250x243.jpg 250w, https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-2-1800px-700x680.jpg 700w, https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-2-1800px-120x117.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"media-credits-inline\">Pedro Campos<\/span><\/a> A canvas with 25 superimposed colors used to study the effects of the superimposition of paints<span class=\"media-credits\">Pedro Campos<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>The chemical analysis of pigments and multispectral images of works of art are common procedures in the grand museums of Europe and the United States. At the Pinacoteca of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, for example, various works undergo this type of a procedure carried out by the team from the Institute of Physics under the supervision of art experts. The studies frequently reveal that the greatest painters did not hesitate to reuse canvases previously used for less important works or sketches to give life to a new painting.<\/p>\n<p>Last year, John Delaney, image scientist for the National Gallery of Art in Washington, United States, showed that the paint on the canvas <em>Mulher com crian\u00e7a perto do mar<\/em> (Woman with a child by the sea), painted in 1902 by Pablo Picasso (1881\u20131973) and today the property of a museum in Japan, hid two secrets: one relatively common, the existence of a former drawing by new pigments; and an unusual one, a fragment of a text from the Parisian newspaper <em>Le Journal<\/em> (January 18, 1902 edition). \u201cIn order to verify if our focus was right, I first pointed the camera at the face of the woman and, to my surprise, I immediately saw the newspaper text in her face,\u201d Delaney said in a media release, having used X-ray images and infrared images in his analysis.<\/p>\n<p>In Brazil, the works made in the Brodowski home were not the first that challenged Rizzutto to study the production of Portinari. In 2014, the physicist\u2019s team, which had already analyzed the works of Alfredo Volpi (1896\u20131988), Di Cavalcanti (1897\u20131976), and Anita Malfatti (1889\u20131964), was sought out to examine the painter\u2019s works that are in the main church of Batatais. The researcher was invited, not only for her experience with this type of study, but also for another reason: she has a mobile laboratory and can transport her analysis equipment to the places where the works of art are situated. The main church has 27 sacred paintings made by Portinari. \u201cWhen he donated the works, Portinari placed a condition that they could not leave the church under any circumstances,\u201d recalls restorer Florence White de Vera, who had worked on the conservation project of the sanctuary\u2019s collection.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_321889\" style=\"max-width: 1210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-1-1200px.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-321889 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-1-1200px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-1-1200px.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-1-1200px-250x375.jpg 250w, https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-1-1200px-700x1050.jpg 700w, https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/046-049_Portinari_276-1-1200px-120x180.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"media-credits-inline\">Pedro Campos<\/span><\/a> A mural discovered in the Casa de Portinari Museum in Brodowski is being studied to determine the author<span class=\"media-credits\">Pedro Campos<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>One of the physicist\u2019s key objectives was to understand why the blue used by Portinari was deteriorating in a strange way. \u201cWhen we applied material to do a superficial cleaning, the painting became opaque,\u201d explains White de Vera. The blue used by Portinari is comprised of cobalt or cobalt with tin, mixed with a binder, a substance that holds the pigment particles together. Rizzutto collected a blue-pigmented shaving that had fallen off of a canvas and took it for analysis, some of which was carried out at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory in Campinas. \u201cIn November of last year, we finally concluded that the whitening is caused by the breakdown of the binder, and not of the pigment itself,\u201d says Rizzutto.<\/p>\n<p>Studying pigments superimposed on a canvas is one of the greatest challenges faced by researchers. Some X-ray and infrared imaging techniques have the capacity to identify superimposed works, but the analysis of colors is problematic. It is not always possible to distinguish in the study results if the color is on top of or below the overlay. In order to lessen this limitation, researchers of NAP-FAEPAH decided to produce paints with superimposed pigments to serve as a benchmark.<\/p>\n<p>Geologist and restorer Eva Kaiser Mori, who did her master\u2019s thesis under Rizzutto\u2019s guidance, painted a standard canvas where a set of 25 pigments were superimposed, resulting in 625 different combinations. \u201cThis type of analysis can be used to determine the thickness of a layer of superimposed paint on a canvas and thus discover whether it was modified or falsified,\u201d explains Mori. The characteristics of the pigments on the reference painting were described in an article published on November 20, 2018, in the magazine X-Ray Spectrometry, primarily authored by the physicist Daniela Balbino from the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS).<\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliografia separador-bibliografia\">Published in February 2019<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Tests show how the artist produced his artwork and may be useful in confirming the author of a piece found in the painter\u2019s former home","protected":false},"author":583,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[259,235,204],"coauthors":[1546],"class_list":["post-321856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science","tag-chemistry","tag-physics","tag-visual-arts"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/321856","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/583"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=321856"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/321856\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":321901,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/321856\/revisions\/321901"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=321856"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=321856"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=321856"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=321856"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}