{"id":322035,"date":"2020-01-21T14:45:35","date_gmt":"2020-01-21T17:45:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=322035"},"modified":"2020-01-21T15:06:04","modified_gmt":"2020-01-21T18:06:04","slug":"the-water-people-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/the-water-people-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The water people"},"content":{"rendered":"

For almost 1,000 years, the gently undulating landscape of western Maranh\u00e3o was home to a group of native South Americans who lived on the water. This indigenous group, still of unknown identity, built stilt-houses on rivers and lakes, where they were protected from enemies and lived on a diet of turtles, fish, and babassu fruit. Well-preserved remains of these settlements have been found across 40,000 square kilometers (almost the size of the entire state of Rio de Janeiro) in areas where the Pindar\u00e9, Pericum\u00e3, and Turia\u00e7u Rivers widen and overflow into neighboring floodplains during the rainy season, which lasts from January to June<\/a>. Archaeological remains of this native group, which disappeared before Europeans arrived in the Americas, suggest that they were skilled ceramists who probably traded goods and knowledge with other groups in the Amazon and Caribbean. Known as estearias<\/em>, the stilt-house villages of Maranh\u00e3o were first discovered almost 150 years ago but have only recently been properly studied.<\/p>\n

Archaeologists working in the region have differing opinions on the size and social structure of the groups that lived in these settlements. According to Alexandre Guida Navarro, the manager of the Archaeology Laboratory at the Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o (LARQ-UFMA), the largest estearias<\/em> may have been home to thousands of people who followed the command of one leader. Other researchers, such as Deusd\u00e9dit Carneiro Leite Filho, director of the Maranh\u00e3o Natural History and Archaeology Research Center (CPHNAMA), which is associated with the State Department for Culture and Tourism, say that there is not enough data to know whether entire estearias<\/em> were occupied all at one time or whether the inhabitants formed smaller communities that periodically moved to neighboring areas.<\/p>\n

A detailed map of four of the nearly 20 estearias<\/em> in Baixada Maranhense, a wetland region in the east of the Legal Amazon, was published in the journal Antiquity<\/em> in December 2018. In the article, Navarro describes the spatial structure and probable dates of occupation of these villages in Boca do Rio, Cabeludo, Caboclo, and Arm\u00edndio, which are all located on a stretch of the Turia\u00e7u River near the municipality of Santa Helena, 200 kilometers (km) west of the state capital, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Between 2013 and 2017, Navarro visited the four villages in the dry season, when it is possible to walk on the riverbed and dried-up lakes. Using GPS and a total station (a device that measures angles and distances), Navarro recorded the distribution of the stilts on which the houses were once erected. Navarro also marked the exact locations from which he collected some 8,500 ceramic fragments as well as wooden and stone objects.<\/p>\n

Many people in Africa, Asia, and some parts of the Americas still live in stilt-houses today, but in prehistoric times, it was rare outside Europe. \u201cBaixada Maranhense is the only place in Brazil where archaeological remains of this type of construction have been found,\u201d says Navarro. \u201cAlthough the estearias<\/em> have been known about for a long time, little is known about the culture of the people who lived there,\u201d says Leite Filho.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nChiefdoms or simple villages?<\/strong>
\nIn the area surrounding the Turia\u00e7u River, the two largest and most complex structures have roused the most interest\u2014Cabeludo and Boca do Rio. In Cabeludo, Navarro identified 1,150 stakes over an area of 7,400 square meters (m2<\/sup>)\u2014slightly smaller than an average city block\u2014on the bed of the Paru\u00e1 River, a tributary of the Turia\u00e7u. Many of the stilts are grouped in a large, rectangular complex, 15 meters (m) wide by 55 m long, which may have been connected to seven smaller clusters by bridges. The Boca do Rio site is located 10 km to the south. It has 1,071 stakes across 6,000 m2 of the Turia\u00e7u River channel, where again a large central grouping is surrounded by four smaller bunches. During her postdoctoral fellowship supervised by Navarro, forest engineer Tha\u00eds Gon\u00e7alves found that the stilt foundations were made of hard woods such as ip\u00ea<\/em> (Tabebuia sp<\/em>). The dating of the stakes suggests that the two settlements existed contemporaneously and well before European colonization.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe stilts at these two sites were not placed randomly,\u201d Navarro says. \u201cThey are arranged into villages that could only have been built by a large number of people collecting long tree trunks under the command of a chief,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

With a much smaller number of stakes (between 140 and 160), the Arm\u00edndio and Caboclo sites are organized more simply, with no obvious center. These two estearias<\/em> are more similar to the stilt-house villages that have been built by the Warao people in Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela since before the Age of Discovery. These estearias<\/em> comprise a more modest group of smaller and simpler houses. \u201cBefore European colonization, what is now Brazil was occupied by a diverse array of ethnicities, and the Maranh\u00e3o estearias<\/em> are another example of how different forms of land occupation coexisted,\u201d says archaeologist Pedro Paulo Funari, a professor at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP).<\/p>\n

Navarro believes the large hubs at the center of the Boca do Rio and Cabeludo sites functioned as village squares; collective spaces where residents held ceremonies and celebrations. Away from these squares, the smaller and simpler constructions would have been huts in which one or more families lived.<\/p>\n

\"\"

\u00c1urea Costa\u2002<\/span><\/a> Axe with stone blade and wooden handle found at the Cabeludo site, and jade muiraquit\u00e3 recovered from the Boca do Rio site\u00c1urea Costa\u2002<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

The locations of ceramic objects found in the larger settlements reinforce this opinion. The most elaborate items\u2014statuettes and objects with appliqu\u00e9s and incisions, sometimes painted in red, black, and white\u2014are most commonly found in the central squares. Researchers have also found ceramic figures shaped as animals (owls, monkeys, turtles, and toads) and female figurines, some with apparent genitals and breasts. Many of the human figures have had their heads removed, which, according to Navarro, indicates termination rituals. \u201cBy breaking the head off the statuettes, a common form of this ritual, the life of the object is ended as well as the ceremony in which it was involved,\u201d explains the archaeologist, whose work is funded by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Maranh\u00e3o Scientific and Technological Research and Development Foundation (FAPEMA). In the smaller villages, the objects were simpler and were possibly used to store and prepare food.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese lake cultures show both similarities and differences with other Amazonian cultures,\u201d said American archaeologist Anna Roosevelt, an anthropology professor at the University of Illinois, USA, in an email to Pesquisa FAPESP<\/em>. \u201cSome of these groups appear to have developed regional cultures consistent with evidence of complexity.\u201d In anthropology, the complexity of a society increases as its population grows and more hierarchical power structures arise.<\/p>\n

Anna Roosevelt, the great-granddaughter of former American president Theodore Roosevelt (1858\u20131919), conducted several expeditions to the Brazilian Amazon in the 1980s and 1990s and identified one of the region\u2019s oldest settlements: the Pedra Pintada cave in the state of Par\u00e1, home to indigenous American peoples approximately 11,000 years ago. Having studied refined polychrome pottery (painted in red, black, and white) from Maraj\u00f3 Island, Roosevelt theorized that Amazonia may have been home to large human settlements of intermediate complexity called chiefdoms, where thousands of people lived under the influence of an indigenous chief. Her proposal ran contrary to the prevailing theory of the time, suggested by another American archaeologist, Betty Meggers (1921\u20132012), who believed the Amazon was a huge demographic and cultural void<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Deusd\u00e9dit Leite Filho\/ CPHNAMA <\/span><\/a> Ceramic ornament shaped like a bat\u2019s head…Deusd\u00e9dit Leite Filho\/ CPHNAMA <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

The dates presented in the Antiquity<\/em> article suggest that the Turia\u00e7u River estearias<\/em> were occupied between AD 770 and 1,100, around the peak of the Marajoara culture, which arose around AD 400. Navarro, however, reports that more recent and as yet unpublished dating of the stilts, ceramics, and coals suggests that these settlements originated in the first century AD.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe beautiful pottery of the Turia\u00e7u basin shows clear similarities with that found in Maraj\u00f3,\u201d says Anna Roosevelt, who visited the estearias<\/em> of the Turia\u00e7u River with Navarro in January and December of 2018. \u201cAs we know very little about the early stages of the Maraj\u00f3 polychrome culture, it is possible that this type of painting first emerged in Maranh\u00e3o before arriving in Par\u00e1,\u201d suggests the archaeologist.<\/p>\n

Pottery from the estearias <\/em>features distinct decorative patterns and painting techniques<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In addition to producing a variety of elaborate ceramics\u201474 different types of vases were identified at the Turia\u00e7u River sites\u2014the people of the Maranh\u00e3o estearias<\/em> may have been part of a trading network that interacted with other distant cultures. One piece of evidence of such interactions is a jade muiraquit\u00e3<\/em> found in the central square of the Boca do Rio site in 2014. Discovered between pottery fragments and stone objects such as axe blades, the green frog-shaped amulet was sculpted in nephrite, a type of jade found in Costa Rica, according to an article published by Navarro and others in the Em\u00edlio Goeldi Museum of Par\u00e1 Bulletin<\/em> in 2017. A symbol of power or magical healing, the Boca do Rio muiraquit\u00e3<\/em> has human-like eyes and a kind of split crown or antennae on its head. These features, according to Navarro, are uncommon in the Amazon but are often observed in amulets from the Nicoya culture, Costa Rica, and other Caribbean peoples.<\/p>\n

The muiraquit\u00e3<\/em> from Boca do Rio is not the first to be found in the stilt-house villages of Maranh\u00e3o. Almost a century earlier, local geographer Raimundo Lopes (1894\u20131941) discovered three other examples at archaeological sites near the municipality of Penalva, approximately 110 km south of the Santa Helena villages. Born in Viana, a town near Penalva, Lopes knew about the estearias<\/em> since he was a teenager. In 1872, engineer Ant\u00f4nio Bernardino Pereira do Lago, who was drawing a topographic map of Maranh\u00e3o, identified signs of one of the estearias<\/em> near Viana in a dry area of Cajari Lake. Lopes became convinced of the importance of these villages when a drought in 1919 once again exposed the stakes in Cajari Lake. In the same year, Lopes measured the layout of the Cacaria settlement in Penalva and began collecting archaeological material, which was later stored at the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro and may have been lost in the fire of 2018. After finding the muiraquit\u00e3s<\/em> in Penalva, Lopes proposed that the people who lived in the stilt-houses had connections with the Marajoara culture and Caribbean peoples.<\/p>\n

\"\"

F\u00e1bio Matta<\/span><\/a> …and a vase decorated like a turtle shellF\u00e1bio Matta<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Differing views<\/strong>
\nIn the 1970s, archaeologists from the Em\u00edlio Goeldi Museum of Par\u00e1, led by M\u00e1rio Sim\u00f5es (1914\u20131985), visited the Cajari estearias<\/em> to resolve \u201cthe controversies regarding the origin and antiquity of cultural artifacts discovered by Raimundo Lopes in 1919,\u201d as Sim\u00f5es wrote in the scientific journal Acta Amazonica<\/em> in 1981. The Goeldi Museum team collected ceramic fragments, stone artifacts, and pieces of coal. A single analysis dated the material as being from around the year 570 AD. Sim\u00f5es and his team concluded that although the Cajari culture existed at the same time as other peoples on Maraj\u00f3 Island, there was no connection between them, contrary to current theories proposed by Navarro and Roosevelt.<\/p>\n

Another scholar who sees few similarities between Marajoara pottery and the objects found among the stilt-house villages is archaeologist Deusd\u00e9dit Leite Filho. Born in Baixada Maranhense, Leite Filho has been studying the estearias<\/em> in the Pindar\u00e9, Pericum\u00e3, and Turia\u00e7u Rivers for almost 20 years. Based on his own observations, Leite Filho agrees with Sim\u00f5es that the ceramics in these locations have their own unique features. Andr\u00e9 Prous, a professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and a leading expert on prehistoric Brazil, also believes the pottery features original decorative patterns and painting techniques, although some pieces appear to have been influenced by the Tupi-Guarani culture.<\/p>\n

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F\u00e1bio Matta<\/span><\/a> The aerial image shows near-parallel lines of stakes at the Casca de Coco site in Coqueiro LakeF\u00e1bio Matta<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cThere is a wide variety of types, shapes, colors, and designs. Some have a part shaped like the head of a fish, and the liquid comes out of the mouth,\u201d says Leite Filho. \u201cThe potters of the estearias<\/em> were skilled artisans, but they were not as aesthetically adept as those from Santar\u00e9m,\u201d he observes.<\/p>\n

In addition to disagreeing with Navarro about the ceramic artifacts, Leite Filho also has his own opinion about how the sites were organized and occupied. During an intense drought that hit the region in 2012 and 2013, Leite Filho mapped the Casca de Coco site in Coqueiro Lake, located between the municipalities of Olinda Nova do Maranh\u00e3o and S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Batista. There were almost 8,000 exposed stakes, which were distributed differently than those of the villages found in the Turia\u00e7u River to the north. At the Casca de Coco site, the stakes were arranged in gently winding parallel lines. In an article published in the journal Arquivos do Museu de Hist\u00f3ria Natural e Jardim Bot\u00e2nico da UFMG<\/em> in 2016, Leite Filho states that the layout of the supports suggests that the houses were 50 m long by 8 m wide and possibly designed for collective use, as is still the case in other regions of the Amazon.<\/p>\n

According to Leite Filho, it is still impossible to know how the people of these stilt-house villages lived. \u201cVery little material has been dated and the objects collected from lake and riverbeds may have been displaced by the movement of buffalo in the region,\u201d he says. Leite Filho also says that the fact that the sites are spread over a vast area does not necessarily mean that the entire region was occupied at the same time or that chiefdoms were formed. Navarro disagrees. \u201cThe chiefdoms are not characterized by concurrent occupation of the sites,\u201d he explains, \u201cbut by a form of government in which a leader held some form of political control over numerous villages in a wider area.\u201d<\/p>\n

Published in February 2019<\/p>\n

Scientific articles<\/strong>
\nNAVARRO, A. G. New evidence for late first-millennium AD stilt-house settlements in Eastern Amazonia<\/a>. Antiquity<\/strong>. Vol. 92, no. 366, pp. 1586\u2013603. Dec. 11, 2018.
\nLEITE FILHO, D.C. The archaeology of lacustrine environments: Material culture, sociocultural dynamics, and construction systems in the Baixada Maranhense estearias<\/a>. Arquivos do Museu de Hist\u00f3ria Natural e Jardim Bot\u00e2nico da UFMG<\/strong>. Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 54\u201399. 2016.
\nNAVARRO, A. G. et al.<\/em> The muiraquit\u00e3 of the estearia in Boca do Rio, Santa Helena, Maranh\u00e3o: Archaeological, mineralogical, and symbolic study<\/a>. Boletim do Museu Paraense Em\u00edlio Goeldi<\/strong> \u2013 Ci\u00eancias Humanas. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 869\u201394. Sept.\u2013Dec. 2017.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"For 1,000 years, indigenous people in South America lived in stilt-house villages in the lowlands of present-day Maranh\u00e3o","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":322040,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[165],"tags":[202,240],"coauthors":[105],"class_list":["post-322035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-humanities","tag-archaeology","tag-geology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322035","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=322035"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322035\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":325632,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322035\/revisions\/325632"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/322040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=322035"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=322035"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=322035"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=322035"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}