{"id":47910,"date":"2012-08-10T14:38:19","date_gmt":"2012-08-10T17:38:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/?p=47910"},"modified":"2017-03-02T17:35:39","modified_gmt":"2017-03-02T20:35:39","slug":"intellectual-references","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/intellectual-references\/","title":{"rendered":"Intellectual references"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Library of congress<\/span>Fernando Henrique Cardoso is congratulated by historian James Billington on receiving the John Kluge Award in Washington, D.C.Library of congress<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

On July 10, the U.S. Library of Congress awarded the John W. Kluge Prize to sociologist Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 81, former president of Brazil. The US$ 1 million award recognizes the work of scholars in fields that are not included in the Nobel Prize categories, including history, philosophy, political science, psychology, anthropology, and philosophy. \u201cI am deeply moved by how unexpected this honor was. I am the first Brazilian \u2013 and the first Latin American \u2013 to receive the Kluge Prize. This is a true privilege,\u201d Cardoso said in his acceptance speech. \u201cThere was a time, not so long ago, when such an honor would have been difficult to imagine. I spent a portion of my academic career studying the relationship between the wealthy core of countries in Western Europe and North America and what was then known as the \u2018periphery\u2019 \u2013 countries such as Brazil that were distant, economically and geographically. This division between rich and poor seemed immutable,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Professor Emeritus of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Fernando Henrique Cardoso was president of Brazil from 1995 to 2002. He was previously a senator (1983 to 1992), Minister of Foreign Relations (1992) and Minister of Finance (1993 to 1994). Historian James H. Billington, U.S. Librarian of Congress since 1987, highlighted the importance of the Brazilian sociologist\u2019s work. \u201cFormer President Cardoso is an example of the modern researcher who combines deep knowledge and empirical evidence,\u201d he said. \u201cHis basic aspiration is to seek the truth about society and to keep an open mind to restate his conclusions when new evidence arises.\u201d The Library of Congress\u2019 Kluge Center manages the Kluge Prize. An endowment from businessman John Kluge (1914-2010) established the center with the objective of \u201cfostering an enriching relationship between the world of ideas and the world of action, between scholars and political leaders.\u201d<\/p>\n

According to an announcement made by the Library of Congress, Fernando Henrique Cardoso was nominated for the award for his contributions as a sociologist and an intellectual, which provided the foundation for his political leadership. \u201cHis academic analysis of the government\u2019s social structures, the economy and racial relationships in Brazil established the intellectual basis for his leadership as president. During his presidency, he transformed Brazil from a military dictatorship into a vibrant, more inclusive democracy with strong economic growth,\u201d the announcement said. The Library of Congress emphasized the \u201cenormous intellectual energy\u201d of Brazil\u2019s former president, who authored or co-authored more than 23 academic books and 116 scientific articles. \u201cHe became internationally renowned for the innovative analysis, developed together with Chile\u2019s Enzo Faletto, of the best alternatives for development,\u201d the Library\u2019s announcement said. The book he wrote with Faletto, Depend\u00eancia e Desenvolvimento na Am\u00e9rica Latina <\/em>[Dependency and Development in Latin America], was published in 1969.<\/p>\n

\"Physicist

MIGUEL BOYAYAN<\/span>Physicist Jos\u00e9 Goldemberg was the recipient of the Blue Planet Prize, considered the Nobel Prize of the environmentMIGUEL BOYAYAN<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cHeretical at the time\u201d<\/strong>
\nCardoso and Faletto emphasized the role of domestic factors in explaining the structural processes of dependency. Their objective was to demonstrate how different forms of networking between national economies and the international system indicate distinct forms of integration with the hegemonic elements of capitalism. \u201cWorking with my colleague Enzo Faletto, we wrote a book that described a far more complex and dynamic world,\u201d Cardoso said. \u201cStarting with the economic analysis of Argentine economist Ra\u00fal Prebisch and other thinkers from the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), we realized that the periphery was far from being homogeneous and static. We focused on the historical formation of the social classes and the state as well as on the different relationships with the world market.\u201d According to the former president, these differences paved the way for alternative forms of economic and social development. \u201cIn other words, the poor countries were not condemned to permanent backwardness but challenged to find suitable ways to overcome structural barriers. This seems evident today but was considered heretical at the time. We were among the first people to talk about the globalization of domestic markets,\u201d he said in his speech.<\/p>\n

Since the Kluge Prize was first awarded in 2003, laureates have included U.S. historian Jaroslav Pelikan (1923-2006), French philosopher Paul Ricoeur (1913-2005) and Polish philosopher Kolakowski (1927-2009). Renowned scholars from Brazil\u2019s academic and research communities have recently received other international awards in recognition of their achievements. For example, physicist Jos\u00e9 Goldemberg received the Blue Planet Prize from Japan\u2019s Asahi Glass Foundation in 2008. Blue Planet Prize laureates receive 50 million yen (equivalent to R$ 800,000) for \u201coutstanding contributions to the formulation and implementation of diverse policies associated with improvements in the use and conservation of energy.\u201d The award made special mention of a concept Goldenberg devised that eliminated the need for poor countries to follow the technological paradigms for development previously used by wealthy countries.<\/p>\n

Created in 1992 and regarded as equivalent to the Nobel Prize in the field of environmental studies, the Blue Planet Prize has rewarded contributions by researchers such as Great Britain\u2019s James Lovelock, whose Gaia hypothesis posits that the Earth is a huge living organism. The most recent recipients, including Thomas Lovejoy, the biologist who introduced the word \u201cbiodiversity\u201d to the scientific community, were announced at the Rio+20 Summit.<\/p>\n

In 2006, architect and urban planner Paulo Mendes da Rocha, 82, was the second Brazilian to receive the Pritzker Prize, the world\u2019s foremost architecture award. \u201cHis signature architectural projects in concrete, as well as his intelligent and remarkably direct methods of construction have resulted in powerful buildings of international renown,\u201d the Pritzker Prize\u2019s panel of judges said. The architecture of Paulo Mendes da Rocha is an example of the thinking that characterizes the S\u00e3o Paulo state style of Brazilian architecture. The school\u2019s primary proponent was Jo\u00e3o Batista Vilanova Artigas, and it is associated with the University of S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s Architecture and Urbanism College (FAU), where Mendes da Rocha taught. The S\u00e3o Paulo school of architecture focuses on fostering \u201craw, clean, clear and socially responsible\u201d architecture.<\/p>\n

\"

MIGUEL BOYAYAN<\/span>Architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha was granted the Pritzker Prize in 2006, the most important prize for architectureMIGUEL BOYAYAN<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

In the opinion of sociologist Simon Schwartzman, a scholar who studies the Brazilian scientific community and works as a researcher at the Institute for Studies on Labor and Society (IETS), the international recognition granted to such prominent Brazilians as Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Goldemberg and Mendes da Rocha is significant for Brazilian science. \u201cIn addition to the prestige and national pride resulting from such awards, they help to enhance the reputation that Brazil has competent people who work or worked at high level institutions. This has enabled them to participate on an equal basis in the exchange of knowledge and to host international students and scholars,\u201d said Schwartzman, who emphasizes the academic background of the three researchers. \u201cThey were professors at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, considered the best university in Latin America, and one of the few Latin American universities to be ranked in international rankings of academic excellence,\u201d he said. \u201cBut we\u2019re still missing a Nobel Prize laureate.\u201d<\/p>\n

National pride<\/strong>
\nThere are examples of laureates who have inspired future generations after being granted scientific and academic awards, said science historian and USP Professor Shozo Motoyama. One of these was theoretical physicist Hideki Yukawa, Japan\u2019s first Nobel Prize winner for physics in 1949. \u201cThe prize raised the self-esteem of a country that had been devastated by war and encouraged young Japanese students to dedicate themselves to a scientific career, which produced excellent results,\u201d Motoyama said. Another example is Denmark\u2019s Niels Bohr, the 1922 Nobel laureate in physics. \u201cThe prize was a source of pride for tiny Denmark. Niels Bohr founded the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, a venue not only for talented young Danish physicists but also for physicists from all over the world who went there to conduct their research,\u201d Motoyama added. \u201cI think these awards mean a lot to Brazilian society, a nation with no scientific tradition. In a globalized, networking world, the search for an identity\u2014whether an individual one or a national, community, religious, or any other identity\u2014entails the creation of references, also referred to as myths, that leverage a nation\u2019s culture,\u201d Motoyama said.<\/p>\n

Jos\u00e9 Goldemberg claimed that many prominent Brazilian scientists possessed the credentials to be Nobel Prize laureates, such as Carlos Chagas (1878-1934), who discovered the protozoa that causes Chagas disease, and Maur\u00edcio da Rocha e Silva (1910-1983), who discovered bradykinin, a chemical used to treat high blood pressure. \u201cThe Nobel Prize selection is unfair in relation to contributions from the peripheral countries,\u201d Goldemberg said. \u201cJorge Amado was a much more important writer than many laureates of the Nobel Prize for Literature.\u201d Goldemberg noted that the Nobel Prize was created in the early twentieth century and was based on the structure of disciplines at that time, recognizing achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology. \u201cIn fact, the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize for Economics were not contemplated in the will left by Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896; they were created after Nobel\u2019s death,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

The Blue Planet Prize that Goldemberg received is akin to a Nobel Prize for ecology, a field that scientists did not acknowledge in 1901. \u201cThis is a renowned award, and I was quite upset because not much was said in Brazil about the fact that I was granted it. The award granted to Fernando Henrique Cardoso, which he really deserved, restored my pride because many of us have made significant contributions. The former president is an example of an intellectual who contributed greatly towards solving the problems of society,\u201d Goldemberg said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Awards enhance Brazil\u2019s scientific community’s reputation","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166],"tags":[203,224,256,261],"coauthors":[98],"class_list":["post-47910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-policies-st-en","tag-architecture","tag-ecology","tag-public-policies","tag-sociology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47910","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47910"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47910\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47910"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=47910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}