Geology

Geology

Climbing rocks receive little attention

Around 80% of climbing sites lack signage, environmental management, and visitor guidelines

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Retrospect

RadamBrasil project celebrates 50 years

Radar mapping has uncovered natural riches, trained hundreds of specialists, and is used in research on relief, geology, soils, climate, and vegetation

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INTERVIEW

Ivo Karmann: Geologist of the void

In good humor and with a strong team spirit, researcher tells of the beginnings and evolution of scientific investigations into caves in Brazil

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Geophysics

Earth’s not so solid core

Surface of Earth's inner core may be viscous rather than solid

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Paleontology

When and where were the first animals in South America?

Western Mato Grosso do Sul, eastern Santa Catarina, and northern Minas Gerais were home to complex organisms between 575 million and 530 million years ago

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Climate change

Injecting particles into the atmosphere could temporarily reduce global warming

The controversial technique of releasing aerosols could reduce the amount of sunlight reaching Earth, but the negative side effects might outweigh the benefits

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astrology

A hidden sea on Mars

A large reservoir of liquid water may be hidden beneath the surface of Mars

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GEOLOGY

Rocks reveal sea-level changes along the Brazilian coastline

Rocks reveal sea-level changes along the Brazilian coastline

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Geology

Earth’s first rain, 4 billion years ago

Earth’s first rain may have fallen 4 billion years ago

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GEOLOGY

Extinct rivers of the Northeast

Sedimentary rock layers indicate that waters descended from mountains in the region some 450 million years ago

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PALEONTOLOGY

Biomechanics used to infer how titanosaurs moved

Newly described species lived around 110 million years ago in what may have been the last land bridge between Brazil and Africa

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Space exploration

Mars was like Earth

Rocks collected by Curiosity rover suggest Mars may have been more like Earth in the past

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PALEONTOLOGY

Marks left by insects on rhynchosaurus bones indicate underground activity

Marks left by insects on rhynchosaurus bones indicate underground activity

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GEOLOGY

Gateway to the underworld opening wider

Crater in Russia growing larger and releasing between 4,000 and 5,000 tons of carbon per year

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ASTRONOMY

Thousands of craters and 17 rock types on the Moon

Geological maps of the Moon could help in the planning of future missions and construction of a lunar research base

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Interview

Physicist Hans Herrmann explains why dunes are such a fascinating and complex system

German researcher based in Ceará studies the formation and movement of sand dunes sculpted by the wind

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Cover

Region in the north of Minas Gerais suffers its driest period in over seven centuries

The conclusion is based on analysis of the chemical composition of cave rocks in the municipality of Januária, located in the São Francisco River basin

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Archaeology

Evidence of rock art in Paraná

Region of Paraná is home to archaeological treasures, with more than a thousand figures painted by Indigenous peoples

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Geology

Signs of Earth’s distant past in Atacama

Lagoons and salt flats in northern Argentina reveal what early Earth may have been like

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Geosciences

Ground in Maceió has been sinking for 20 years

Salt mines caused tremors and cracks in five neighborhoods in the capital of Alagoas

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Ecology

The roots of Amazonian biodiversity

By reversing the flow direction of the rivers, molding the surface, and blocking moisture from the Atlantic, the Andes made the forest a refuge and birthplace for new species of plants and animals

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Geology

Ice-covered lava lake

Lava lake on an icy island could tell us more about how magma circulates in volcanoes

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Archaeology

The dexterous rock carvers of 12,000 years ago

Lithic instruments found in Pará were carefully crafted 12,000 years ago

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Electronic engineering

Carnaúba: an X-ray supermicroscope

The longest light beamline of Sirius in Campinas, São Paulo State, provides details on fossil histories, interaction of plants with the soil, and impurities in diamonds

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Archaeology

Human footprints suggest large population in ancient Amazon

Human footprints suggest large population in ancient Amazon

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Environment

Plastic rocks

A mixture of minerals, animal remains, and synthetic polymers has emerged as another form of pollution and a threat to the marine environment

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Agriculture

Agriculture accelerates erosion in the Cerrado

Soil erosion caused by pasture and agriculture in the Cerrado has accelerated in recent decades

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EVOLUTION

The long history of bees

The pollinating insects are estimated to have appeared 120 million years ago on the Western Gondwana supercontinent, formed by what is currently South America and Africa

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GEOLOGY

Rain, erosion, and dams have shaped the São Francisco river over the last 90,000 years

Previously winding and shallow, the river has straightened and deepened

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Geology

When the Earth started to crack

Tectonic plates likely formed 3.2 billion years ago, when Earth’s surface cracked

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