LEO RAMOSMass spectrometer at the Butantan InstituteLEO RAMOS
In one of the biggest investments ever made in a research program in Brazil, FAPESP announced the creation of 17 new Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers (RIDCs) that will bring together 535 scientists from the state of São Paulo and 69 other countries to work in fields on the frontier of knowledge. During an 11-year period, $680 million will be invested, of which $370 million will come from FAPESP and $310 million will be provided in the form of salaries paid by the host institutions to researchers and technical personnel. “Large-scale long-term financing enables us to be bolder in setting research objectives, ensures stabilization of the teams, and at the same time increases the scale of science and technology research in the state of São Paulo,” says Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz, scientific director of FAPESP.
The selection process took 20 months, from the submission of 90 pre-projects to the selection of the 17 centers. The effort involved 250 Brazilian and foreign reviewers and an international committee composed of 11 invited scientists, in addition to the internal committees at FAPESP. The proposals submitted were evaluated on the basis of scientific merit, boldness, originality, international competitiveness, and the qualifications of the teams and their leaders. Each RIDC will have an international advisory committee. Each will be evaluated by FAPESP in the 2nd, 4th, and 7th years in order to determine whether it should continue.
From October 2000 to December 2012, FAPESP had financed an initial group of 11 RIDCs (known in Brazil by their Portuguese acronym Cepid), investing a total of R$260 million. “The Foundation intends to commission an evaluation of that period, but we can already say that the contributions by several of those centers were remarkable,” says Hernan Chaimovich, coordinator of the RIDC program. “Some leaders received significant international recognition; for example, Professor Marco Antonio Zago has been applauded for his research on cellular therapy in diabetes, and physicist Vanderlei Bagnato was recently selected by the National Academy of Sciences.” Eight centers represent continuation of initiatives contemplated in the first round. Some retain the same name and purpose: for example, the Center for Metropolitan Studies, the Center for the Study of Violence, and the Center for Cell-Based Therapy. Others have updated their mission, but retain their leaders. Nine centers are new and deal with topics such as foods, obesity, inflammatory diseases, neuroscience, biomedicine, applied mathematics, computer science and vitreous materials.
For the centers that had been selected during the first round, the possibility of continuing in the program for another 11 years has advantages, but also poses challenges. “While in 2000 we had a vague idea of what these centers could be like, today we understand their potential enough to have more audacious and speculative ambitions—and here I’m talking about all the approved centers, not just the one I head,” says Marco Antonio Zago, professor at the Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, and coordinator of the Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC). “One important result of the first round of the RIDC program was its ability to align the work of a series of researchers who had been doing high-level research independently.” The center will now take a more practical approach. “Our RIDC was successful in conducting clinical tests with a diabetes therapy, but now we are looking to perfect that treatment method so it can also be used for leukemia, by using stem cells,” says Zago, who is dean of Research at USP. The center’s team has been rejuvenated. “We have attracted researchers who were trained in an environment in which cell-based therapy was already a reality,” he says. One of the goals is to generate Brazilian lines of stem cells for use in pre-clinical studies, focusing on diseases such as dyskeratosis congenita (which causes premature aging), hemophilia A, and Parkinson’s disease.
Léo RamosPreformulation laboratory at the Butantan InstituteLéo Ramos
“While in the first round we took some time to get off the ground, this time we’ll start at full speed,” agrees Vanderlei Bagnato, professor at USP’s São Carlos Institute of Physics and coordinator of the São Carlos Optics and Photonics Research Center (CePOF). “We are faced with the challenge of coming up with original problems and assuming international leadership,” he says. Bagnato’s group is recognized for its contributions, one of which was in the field of quantum turbulence, a phenomenon first demonstrated by the São Carlos group in 2009 (see Pesquisa FAPESP Issue No. 177). That line of research is related to the so-called Bose-Einstein Condensate, name given to a group of atoms (or molecules) that when cooled to extremely low temperatures begin to behave as a single entity. The center will conduct research on three fronts: cold atoms (like those of the Bose-Einstein Condensate); plasmonics (work that could result, in the applied field, in optical computer processors); and biophotonics (where light is used as a tool for research in the life sciences). One of the emphases in the new phase of the CePOF is innovation. “The objective is not only to obtain patents, but also to generate projects with companies,” says Bagnato, whose center collaborated in the introduction of 25 products.
Inspired by the Science and Technology Centers program established in 1987 by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States, the RIDCs encourage the establishment of multidisciplinary topic-based teams whose characteristics are well-defined. “What we want is multidisciplinary research that meets international standards and works on the frontiers of knowledge; an effort that identifies new directions for that research rather than simply accompanying the state of the art,” says Hernan Chaimovich. The centers should also produce innovation and transfer knowledge to the productive sector, or provide support for the formulation of public policies. “There’s an important third component, which is skills building. The centers need to have an instructional arm that disseminates the knowledge that was produced,” says the coordinator, referring to courses offered to students and the development of educational resources.
The frontier of knowledge
Bringing the courses of action to be followed by some RIDCs up to date, a process that in technical terms has turned them into different centers, is explained by the emergence of new topics at the frontier of knowledge. A center devoted to research in genetic diseases, for example, has now included the study of stem cells into its name and scope. “That had already happened in the trajectory followed by the first RIDC, in 2005, when we introduced the study of stem cells as a tool for understanding genetic expression, the differences among genetic diseases, and evaluating their therapeutic potential,” says Mayana Zatz, professor at the USP Biosciences Institute, and coordinator of the Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center. “That is one of the advantages of an RIDC. It makes it possible to update its course of action in order to keep itself always on the frontier,” she says. Another new element is the inclusion of the study of aging, degenerative diseases and factors that may contribute to those processes. The center has developed a project under which it will compare genome variation and brain function in healthy Brazilians over the age of 80 and in a group of people over the age of 60, who have been followed for more than 10 years.
Léo RamosLaboratory at the Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, at USPLéo Ramos
The Center for Innovation in Biodiversity and Drug Discovery grew out of the Center for Structural Molecular Biotechnology. Its purposes are directed more to the applied field. While the RIDC approved in 2000 studied the structure and function of molecules of biotechnological interest, the current one aims to develop drugs based on compounds found in Brazilian biodiversity, as well as synthetic substances. Led by Glaucius Oliva, of the São Carlos Institute of Physics and current president of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the center has joined forces with the Center for Natural Products Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Eco-physiology (NuBBE) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) in Araraquara, led by researcher Vanderlan Bolzani and the Chemical Synthesis Group at the University of Campinas (Unicamp). The NuBBE has assembled a collection of compounds isolated from plants, fungi, or micro-organisms, and other sources (see Pesquisa FAPESP Issue No. 200). “We learned a lot by doing high-quality research in structural biology, and now it’s time to use that knowledge to develop new drugs,” Oliva says. The center brings together researchers from the Federal University of São Carlos and USP’s Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Violence and the metropolitan areas
In the case of the Center for Metropolitan Studies (CEM), the new phase will focus more on the role of the State and public policy in the reduction of inequalities. “We know that there has been a consistent reduction in income inequality in Brazil. But people’s well-being does not depend on income alone, but also–and critically so–on access to services,” says Marta Arretche, a professor at USP and coordinator of the center, which is housed at the Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning (Cebrap). “Our goal is to systematically examine what has been happening with regard to inequality in access to public services, such as water and sewer service, employment, education, and health, and to what extent public policies affect people’s quality of life,” she says. Another central area of interest to the center is the functioning of institutions that are beyond the reach of the State, situated on the peripheries of urban areas, notably safety and the real estate market. So many families have unreliable access to housing. “Brazil is noted for having areas where the government does not govern. This makes it important to study the activities of organized crime and the real estate business in the urban peripheries. Then there is another dimension that interests us, which is the flourishing on the peripheries of association membership, civic life, and cultural expressions,” she states. The new phase of the CEM will seek to deepen the internationalization of its research agenda. “We will make an effort to promote co-authorships with foreign authors and expand our connections with researchers who are on the cutting edge,” Arretche says. One of the vocations that the CEM started to develop in 2000 was the production of georeferenced data (see Pesquisa FAPESP Issue No. 193). The intention now is to offer a distance learning course in georeferencing that would be tailored to policymakers and researchers.
Léo RamosInequality of access to public services in cities will be investigated by the Center for Metropolitan StudiesLéo Ramos
The Center for the Study of Violence will conduct a major study in the city of São Paulo that hopes to make progress with respect to questions raised during the earlier project, when the scenarios of violence in Brazil were mapped and issues such as the causes of persistent violence and the nature of the political culture that supports human rights were first investigated. “We observed that the public has a hard time believing that laws and institutions have the power to promote social justice and reduce conflicts that otherwise tend to be resolved with violence,” says Sérgio Adorno, a professor at the USP School of Philosophy, Language and Literature, and the Humanities, the principal researcher at the center. “We want to understand how an individual’s relationships and ties work with regard to obeying laws, respecting authority, recognizing the institutions responsible for enforcing laws and preserving rights,” he says.
The starting point, Adorno says, is the observation that the relationship between citizens in their neighborhoods with the public services charged with ensuring rights—such as schools, local police stations, and health centers—is conflicted. In that regard, the research project will discuss the fundamental legitimacy of the democratic order. One population group will be followed over time and at successive moments. “We plan to observe the changes that occur between the governors and the governed, between citizens and public services, and understand the possibilities for strengthening policies of respect for the laws and institutions,” Sérgio Adorno says. The professor goes on to say that a methodology will have to be developed for observing the city. “Violence is not evenly distributed. In order to do longitudinal research, we have to have a representation of that territorial and social diversity,” he says. The study is integrated into an international network. Researchers from countries like Colombia, Mexico, the United States, South Africa, and India will produce studies along the same lines, some of them, however, by selecting a series of snapshots, all the while producing results comparable to those obtained in Brazil.
Health
To researchers and program participants, the impact on their ability to produce quality science is remarkable—and not just quality in terms of the volume of funds. “By being assured of long-term funding, we can work calmly, without having to spend time trying to raise new funds,” says Fernando Cendes, a professor at the School of Medical Sciences at Unicamp, and coordinator of the Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (English acronym: BRAINN). “Collaboration flows when all researchers know that they will be able to conduct a bold project. It may take four years to gather data so that they can then make complex analyses,” he says. A virtuous circle is formed. “The group guarantees a level of prestige that makes it possible to recruit the best students, obtain additional investments, and a good infrastructure.”
The RIDC led by Fernando Cendes is the fruit of another investment by FAPESP, the Inter-Institutional Cooperation to Support Brain Research program (CInAPCe). Between 2007 and 2012, that network brought together 30 research groups who studied the mechanisms of epilepsy as manifested among Brazilians (see Pesquisa FAPESP, Issue No. 124). The new center will focus on technological research and development related to epilepsy, a condition that affects three million Brazilians, and also cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) that are responsible for one in every nine deaths in Brazil. The cooperation involves researchers in health and biology, computational graphic design professionals, engineers, physicists, and medical physicists. The objective is to interfere in the development of epilepsy and improve the rehabilitation of stroke victims by developing new methods for diagnosis and intervention, including products that feature electrodes with microcircuits, robotic interfaces, and warning systems coupled to cellphones.
As with BRAINN, the understanding of diseases that afflict a large percentage of people and searching for new therapies to deal with them is a common denominator shared by several RIDCs. In the case of the Obesity and Co-Morbidities Research Center, a collaboration between nine researchers from Unicamp and four from USP, as well as nine from other countries, the plan is to make progress in identifying and describing the mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level that contribute to the development of obesity. “Only by understanding the origin of the problem from the molecular standpoint can we find therapeutic solutions,” says Licio Velloso, a professor at the School of Medical Sciences, Unicamp, and principal researcher at the center. The prevalence of obesity, which ran about 5% of the world population in the 1970s, is rising and may well exceed 25% of the population in this decade. The numbers of associated diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, CVA, and heart attack are rising and killing more and more people, not to mention the impact on health care costs. “There is no efficient treatment against obesity,” Velloso says. Each researcher at the center will work on a disease or specific research topic. “By joining forces, we want to advance in knowledge and therapeutics. We have one researcher in the field of chemistry who will work on developing drugs from potential targets we hope to find,” he says.
The Center for Research on Toxins, Immune Response, and Cell Signaling will concentrate on studies on biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms of toxins that have therapeutic potential. Headquartered at the Butantan Institute, it grew out of the Center for Applied Toxinology, which operated between 2000 and 2012. “During the center’s first phase, the objective was to discover new toxins in the venoms and secretions of various animals, such as snakes, and arachnids, isolating them and characterizing them in chemical terms, and promoting the synthesis of peptides and biological tests to verify the activity of toxins,” observes Hugo Armelin, professor at USP’s Chemistry Institute, a researcher at the Butantan Institute, and coordinator of the center. “Now the goal is to work with the mechanisms of the molecular actions of selected toxins,” he explains. Ten researchers from Butantan in fields like immunology, biochemistry, cellular biology, systemic biology, and computer science, all affiliated with various of the institution’s laboratories, will work on fronts such as study of protein structures, DNA sequencing, and protein production in bacteria. The Pain and Signaling Laboratory will work on developing analgesics and do biological testing with rodents. Studies with zebrafish, a fish that serves as a model for research associated with the immunological response to toxins, are being conducted in a laboratory recently established for that purpose. “Using toxins means working in a cell signaling network. The toxins are chemical substances with extremely high specificity and serve as tools for studying signaling pathways within the cells,” says Armelin.
Léo RamosDevelopment of vitroceramics at UFSCar, home to a new center on vitreous materialsLéo Ramos
Twenty years of experience in basic and clinical studies by a group of researchers at USP’s Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine lend support to the Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases, which will investigate the mechanisms involved in the genesis of inflammatory diseases of autoimmune origin, or infectious or metabolic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sepsis, leishmaniasis, and atherosclerosis. The studies are looking for new targets in order to develop therapies for these diseases. Under the leadership of Professor Fernando Queiroz Cunha, the group has already made important contributions to the study of arthritis. For example, they studied the mechanisms that keep some patients from responding to an important medication used to treat arthritis, or the reasons that cause smokers to suffer from a more serious arthritic condition. The group has also contributed to the study of inflammatory pain and sepsis. Sepsis is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response that results from an infection, formerly known as septicemia and fatal for more than 30% of its victims. One concern of the group is to understand why some patients who survive the acute crisis of sepsis end up dying a short while later from other infections or from apparently unrelated diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular problems. “We are going to use our experience and bring in other groups from the basic and clinical areas in order to increase the variety of diseases being studied,” the professor says. “When we find a biological target that has potential for developing a treatment, we will examine it to see whether it has some importance for the other diseases being investigated.” The research will also involve a search for new natural molecules in plants and in the saliva of insect vectors of diseases. Meanwhile the Center for Research on Redox Processes in Biomedicine is looking for effective antioxidant strategies and biomarkers of oxidative stress that have a potential technological application. Under the leadership of Professor Ohara Augusto, from USP’s Chemistry Institute, the center will have a central laboratory that will supply the researchers with analytical tools.
A new element in the results of the second RIDC request for proposals was the selection of two centers headed by mathematicians. The need for mathematical models capable of analyzing the complex mass of data generated by experimental neuroscience sparked the creation of the Research, Innovation, and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics (NeuroMat). “The center’s mission is to conduct pure research in mathematics and statistics, starting with fundamental questions raised by basic and clinical neurobiology. Neuroscience is experiencing a situation of disequilibrium between a high capacity for producing experimental data and an insufficient capability for theoretical comprehension,” says Antonio Galves, professor at the USP Institute of Mathematics and Statistics and coordinator of NeuroMat. “Overcoming that imbalance means developing a new domain of mathematics at the interface between the theory of probabilities, combinatorics, statistics, and computer science. The objective is to construct a conceptual framework suited to rigorous formulation of the problems of neurobiology,” he says. Mathematicians from several specialty fields will work together with computer scientists, neuroscientists and clinicians. The principal technological transfer activity will be the development of open-code computational tools for basic and clinical research, as well as an open access neurobiological database.
Léo RamosStudy of nanoparticles seeks to develop materials with new functions at the Unesp center in AraraquaraLéo Ramos
Another initiative is in the field of mathematics applied to industry. “Brazil does not have a tradition of using mathematics as a tool for industrial development, but that is a common practice in other countries, says José Alberto Cuminato, professor at the Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Computation (ICMC) at USP in São Carlos and coordinator of the Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences Applied to Industry. The center’s ambition is to transfer knowledge to industry, but is not limited to that. “We need to imagine that the problems of industry can lead to new research approaches for mathematics,” says Cuminato. “When a mathematician considers an academic problem, he formulates a conjecture and tries to prove it. If he does not succeed, he reformulates his hypotheses, simplifying them. But if I have to simulate the flow through a 15 cm diameter pipe, I cannot reduce the size of the pipe to 10 centimeters. The problem is a real one,” he says. The RIDC will look for solutions for areas such as fluid mechanics, aeronautical engineering, computational intelligence, optimization, operational research, and risk analysis for banks. “We want to work primarily on problems for small companies,” he notes.
Interdisciplinarity
One ambition that is shared by all 17 RIDCs is to bring together researchers from different disciplines in order to multiply the impact of their scientific production. The Center for Computational Science and Engineering is gathering specialists in chemistry, physics, biology, mechanical engineering, and computational and applied mathematics to develop advanced computational modeling techniques. “We are bringing together scientists who have different backgrounds in multidisciplinary topics, but whose focal point is the application and development of computationally intensive methods,” says Munir Skaf, professor at the Unicamp Chemistry Institute and coordinator of the center. Skaf cites the example of computational geophysics, which needs to analyze gigantic quantities of cyclical data, such as series of seismographic signals, in order to obtain information about the geophysics of a site. “A new approach is needed for treating large volumes of data in the emerging field known as eScience. We’re going to use that approach to deal with problems in materials engineering, bioinformatics and biotechnology, the molecular sciences, in agriculture and—who knows—ultimately in climate sciences and social sciences that involve large volumes of data,” he says.
Multidisciplinarity also shapes the Food Research Center (FoRC), an initiative taken by a group of researchers from fields such as food science, food engineering, nutrition, medicine, and veterinary medicine. “Our objective is to intervene throughout the chain of production of foods and produce basic and applied science that is relevant to agribusiness, consumers, and regulatory agencies,” says Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco, professor at the USP School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and coordinator of the RIDC. The center will focus on four specific areas: in the first, foods are characterized by their biodiversity and their composition in terms of macro and micro nutrients and other compounds beneficial to health, using ‘omic’ tools. In the second, they will study the impacts of food components on the nutritional status of the population and on the reduction in the risks of acquiring diseases. In the third, food safety is to be evaluated in relation to the risks resulting from biological and chemical pollution. The fourth and final focus is directed toward technologies for improving the quality, safety, and nutritional value of foods and to the study of the environmental impacts of food processing. The FoRC began to mature three years ago when USP encouraged the formation of Research Support Units (NAPs) that gather specialists around a multidisciplinary topic. “After the inauguration of the Support Unit for Research in Foods and Nutrition, when the RIDC request for proposals went out, we were ready to set up the project,” Gombossy de Melo Franco says.
Philippe Psaila/Science Photo Library/SPL DC/LatinstockMagnetic resonance of the brain: equipment based in Campinas will make progress in studying epilepsy and CVAPhilippe Psaila/Science Photo Library/SPL DC/Latinstock
Three cities in the interior of São Paulo State – Araraquara, São Carlos, and Ribeirão Preto—situated at a distance of 100 km from the state capital—are home to seven of the 17 RIDCs, a sign of the vigor of research institutions in that region. Research in the nucleation and crystallization of glass in São Carlos, one of the most productive in the world, gave rise to the Center for Research, Teaching, and Innovation in Vitreous Materials (English acronym CeRTEV). Under the leadership of Edgar Zanotto, professor at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) and supervisor of the Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV), the RIDC will unite 14 researchers from UFSCar and the USP campus in São Carlos in materials engineering, physics and chemistry, plus 20 collaborators abroad and 10 in Brazil. “Our group has won international recognition, but there are aspects that need to be strengthened and the experts in physics and chemistry will be able to contribute significantly,” Zanotto says. Among the topics on which the RIDC is hoping to make progress, Zanotto emphasized the development of vitroceramics for use in orthopedic and dental prostheses and as substitutes for marble and granite, of materials for ballistic protection of automobiles and aircraft, and supports for catalyzers in the production of ethanol.
The Center for Research and Development of Functional Materials, based in Araraquara, evolved from the Multidisciplinary Center for the Development of Ceramic Materials, an RIDC that focused on research in materials synthesis. The new center intends to develop nanostructured materials, fashioned to solve problems related to renewable energy, health, and the environment. “We will continue with what we were doing, but take it in a different direction,” explains Elson Longo, coordinator of the RIDC and professor at Unesp’s Araraquara Chemistry Institute. “We want to create multifunctional materials. We have studied the entire range of properties of a material and analyzed how they can be used as elements of a new material. The reserves of certain compounds have been depleted. We need to optimize the use of raw materials and improve their performance.” Energy and health are two important focal points for the center. “We are developing bactericidal or fungicidal materials, both to reduce hospital infections and to clear pollution from lakes and rivers,” he says. The center wants to encourage the rise of new technological companies. “At the international level, we will increase our interaction with universities and high-technology complexes in order to forge partnerships with companies from our own industrial centers.”
The RIDCs are also responsible for promoting extension activities aimed at students and the general public. The CePOF at São Carlos has a TV channel that broadcasts distance courses for high school students. “Now we are going to set up courses on the Internet for students all over Brazil,” says Vanderlei Bagnato. “We offered educational games for students on an Internet portal and obtained got more than 4 million hits,” says Elson Longo, whose center also put videos with mini-lectures by scientists on YouTube. An initiative that several centers have joined in develops science experiment kits that encourage adolescents to enjoy research. “We distributed kits among schools in São Paulo and the impact among the students was enormous,” recalls Mayana Zata. Other centers will offer courses, develop software and videogames, and organize the collections of science museums. “A good idea would be to coordinate the distribution activities of all the RIDCs, while maintaining each group’s autonomy, in order to create one big program for dissemination of science in the State of São Paulo,” suggested Marco Antonio Zago, whose RIDC in 2001 launched the House of Science program, featuring activities aimed at students and teachers in the schools of the Ribeirão Preto region.
“In the previous round, there was an obvious increase in the intellectual, social and economic impact of the RIDCs. That is why our expectations are so high with respect to the 17 selected for this new round,” says scientific director of FAPESP Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz.
